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Background information on supply voltage fluctuations caused by fluctuations in power demands of installations is provided by this standard. The manifestation of these supply voltage fluctuations as lamp flicker is presented in this standard. A flicker measurement method using a meter that is described in IEC 61000-4-15 is presented in this standard. The short-term (Pst) and long-term (Plt) indices used for the quantification of lamp flicker are defined in this standard. For different system voltages, planning levels for flicker that the utilities need their system to be limited to in order to reduce customer complaints are defined in this standard. The procedure for determining emission limits for individual installations at the point of common coupling (PCC) so that the planning levels can be achieved in practice is defined in this standard. Then, an assessment procedure for evaluating flicker compliance against emission limits is described. Methodologies to analyze background flicker to identify the flicker contribution of individual sources are also presented in this standard. Rapid voltage changes (RVCs) that are caused by various system events such as switching of capacitor banks, energization of power transformers, and starting of induction motors are also addressed by this standard. Methods to estimate flicker or RVCs at the PCC for various types of fluctuating installations are provided by this document. Example terms and language that can be the basis for defining relative responsibilities and assessment methods for installations that may cause flicker and RVCs are included in the document.

Fluctuations (Physics)

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Diffusion. --- Lorentz force. --- Brownian motion processes. --- Wiener processes --- Brownian movements --- Fluctuations (Physics) --- Markov processes --- Electromagnetic fields --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Gases --- Liquids --- Physics --- Separation (Technology) --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Solutions, Solid --- Matter --- Packed towers --- Semiconductor doping --- Diffusion --- Properties

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Inflation and unemployment rate were largely disconnected between 2000 and 2019 in advanced economies. We decompose core inflation into two parts based on the cyclical sensitivity of CPI components and document several salient facts: (i) both the cyclical and non-cyclical parts had surges across advaced economies in 2011, when unemployment rates had limited changes; (ii) the non-cyclical part had a downward trend between 2012 and 2019, which existed across countries, sectors, goods, and services; (iii) global indexes such as oil price, shipping costs, and a global supply chain pressure index do not explain the downward trend; and (iv) the cyclical part, after controlling for the impact of economic slack, also had a downward trend between 2012 and 2019. These patterns help disentangle competing explanations for the disconnect between inflation and unemployment rate. The approach has potential to help understand forces shaping price pressures during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic period ahead.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Inflation --- Labor --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Financial Crises --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Unemployment rate --- Oil prices --- Consumer price indexes --- Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 --- Financial crises --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Unemployment --- Price indexes --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- United States

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We present a newly developed Quarterly Projection Model (QPM) for Vietnam. This QPM represents an extended version of the canonical New Keynesian semi-structural model, accounting for Vietnam-specific factors, including a hybrid monetary policy framework. The model incorporates the array of policy instruments, specifically interest rates, indicative nominal credit growth guidance, and exchange rate interventions, that the authorities employ to meet the primary objective of price stability. The calibrated model embeds a theoretically consistent monetary transmission mechanism and demonstrates robust in-sample forecasting accuracy, both of which are important prerequisites for the richer analysis and forecast-based narratives that support a forward-looking monetary policy regime.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Prices --- Nominal effective exchange rate --- Exchange rates --- Exchange rate adjustments --- Real exchange rates --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Monetary policy --- Vietnam

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Using newly digitized unemployment insurance claims data we construct a historical monthly unemployment series for U.S. states going back to January 1947. The constructed series are highly correlated with the Bureau of Labor Statics' state-level unemployment data, which are only available from January 1976 onwards, and capture consistent patterns in the business cycle. We use our claims-based unemployment series to examine the evolving pace of post-war unemployment recoveries at the state level. We find that faster recoveries are associated with greater heterogeneity in the recovery rate of unemployment and slower recoveries tend to be more uniformly paced across states. In addition, we find that the pace of unemployment recoveries is strongly correlated with a states' manufacturing share of output.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data --- Data Access --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Unemployment Insurance --- Severance Pay --- Plant Closings --- Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Unemployment rate --- Economic recession --- Business cycles --- Labor markets --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Recessions --- Labor market --- United States