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Escherichia coli Infections --- Shiga Toxins --- Bacteriophages --- Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli --- Cattle --- Diarrhea --- microbiology

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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains causing post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets have a considerable and detrimental impact on animal health and economy in pig production. ETEC strains adhere to the host small intestinal epithelial cells using fimbriae type F4 or F18 which recognize and adhere to the corresponding surface receptors. In weaned piglets, this pathogeny leads to clinical sign such as watery diarrhea, depression, inappetence and dehydration. In addition to management and dietary factors, antimicrobials have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of ETEC infections, resulting in high levels of antibiotic resistances detected in ETEC strains. Phage therapy could be an interesting alternative to this resistance problem. 

In the context of this work, ten phages were isolated against an E. coli O8:F18 strain (A-I-210). Bacteriophages B, C, H, I and J were selected based on their host range. These phages were subsequently characterized in vitro and showed steady concentrations over a pH (4-10) and temperature (25-45°C) range. The newly isolated phage B was similar to the Siphoviridae family, and the four other phages to the Myoviridae family. The occurrence of lytic proteins in their genomes appeared to corroborate with virulent type of bacteriophages. Finally, the use of the in vivo Galleria mellonella larvae model suggested the therapeutic potential of phages B and J with a statistically significant increase in survival compared to non-treated larvae. 

These findings suggested that newly identified phages B and J might be promising candidates for treating Escherichia coli F18 infections. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to investigate their relevance in PWD-affected pigs.

bacteriophages, Escherichia coli, piglets, post-weaning diarrhea --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale

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The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) are small ruminant species widely distributed throughout the world. They were among the first animals to be domesticated. Owing to their small stature and versatility, sheep and goats still are one of the most important food source in many arid regions. Traditionally, autochthonous breeds with a strong milk production seasonality were reared in extensive production systems, on a smallholder farming basis. The huge number and variety of their dairy products reflect the different cultures and traditions of vast areas of the world. However, today the traditional ovine and caprine dairy production chain, from farmers to exporters, is facing the challenges of innovation, sustainability, safety, and productivity, while at the same time protecting each product’s individual characteristics. This Special Issue is dedicated to the field of ovine and caprine dairy production with ground-breaking perspectives and approaches, from physical-chemistry studies on milk and dairy, to new feeding strategies, herd management, nutritional quality, animal welfare, sustainability, and omics studies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- GC-MS --- metabolomics --- feeding systems --- sheep dietary supplement --- ovine milk --- cheese safety --- foodborne pathogens --- sheep milk --- Listeria monocytogenes --- Salmonella spp. --- Escherichia coli O157:H7 --- Staphylococcus aureus --- raw milk --- thermization --- sheep and goat milk --- cheese --- odd and branched chain fatty acids --- mass spectrometry --- animals management --- thyroid hormone metabolism --- ubiquinol-10 biosynthesis --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- image analysis --- Fiore Sardo --- microstructure --- dairy chemistry --- thermised milk --- protected designation of origin --- Lactobacillus --- antifungal activity --- fresh cheese --- biopreservation --- n/a

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This Special Issue on the "Extraction and Fractionation Processes of Functional Components in Food Engineering" aims to bring together novel advances in the development and application of innovative processing strategies to extract, isolate, and modify food compounds to produce ingredients and foods with improved nutritional, functional, and biological properties. Topics include: - Development of innovative processing strategies to extract, modify, and recover food compounds. - Effects of industrial processes on the functionality and biological activities of food compounds. - Bioconversion of agricultural waste streams and food byproducts into added valuable compounds. - Challenges associated with processing scale-up.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- terpene --- pinene --- Escherichia coli --- whey --- whey permeate --- biosynthesis --- microbial --- peptides --- hydrolysates --- hypertension --- aqueous extraction process --- extraction yields --- cream demulsification --- oil recovery --- almond flour --- walnut oil --- rancidity --- induction time --- rancimat --- response surface methodology --- acid-soluble collagen --- snakehead fish --- fish skin --- the mixture of skin and scale --- denaturation temperature --- FTIR --- food proteins --- novel extraction methodologies --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- bioactive peptides --- seeds --- supercritical CO2 extraction --- solvent extraction --- expeller pressing --- enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction --- techno-economic analysis --- life cycle assessment --- n/a

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The worldwide dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, particularly those resistant to last-resource antibiotics, is a common problem to which no immediate solution is foreseen. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of antimicrobial-resistant "priority pathogens", which include a group of microorganisms with high-level resistance to multiple drugs, named ESKAPE pathogens, comprising vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VRSA), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter spp. These bacteria also have the ability to produce several virulence factors, which have a major influence on the outcomes of infectious diseases. Bacterial resistance and virulence are interrelated, since antibiotics pressure may influence bacterial virulence gene expression and, consequently, infection pathogenesis. Additionally, some virulence factors contribute to an increased resistance ability, as observed in biofilm-producing strains. The surveillance of important resistant and virulent clones and associated mobile genetic elements is essential to decision making in terms of mitigation measures to be applied for the prevention of such infections in both human and veterinary medicine, being also relevant to address the role of natural environments as important components of the dissemination cycle of these strains.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- biocide --- antibiotic resistance --- cross-resistance --- aminoglycoside --- adaptation --- biofilm --- pyruvate cycle --- mastitis --- staphylococci --- virulence factors --- genes --- antimicrobial resistance --- infant --- newborn --- bacteremia --- Gram-negative bacteria --- drug resistance --- microbial --- mortality --- microcosm --- Aeromonas --- climate change --- temperature --- pH --- water --- Acinetobacter baumannii --- virulence --- whole-genome sequencing --- international high-risk clones --- genomic epidemiology --- dogs --- Escherichia coli --- ESBL --- CTX-M-15 --- CTX-M-1 --- CTX-M-32 --- CTX-M-55 --- CTX-M-14 --- qAmpC --- CMY-2 --- camel --- domestic --- milk --- virulence genes --- extended-spectrum β-lactamases --- biofilm formation --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- carbapenem resistance --- KPC-2 --- plasmid --- diabetic foot infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- subinhibitory concentrations --- virulence-related genes