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This book examines the fundamental research and application of droplet dynamics. It includes six chapters in four sections. Section 1 introduces the concepts of droplet dynamics in powertrain systems. Section 2 reviews the optical methods for investigations in droplet dynamics. Section 3 examines the fundamental research on liquid droplet behaviors, such as droplet impact in internal combustion engines and the movement of liquid droplets in atmospheric pressure plasmas. Finally, Section 4 deals with the application of droplet behaviors not only in spray and combustion but also in bioinspired smart surfaces. The information contained herein is useful for engineers and students looking to broaden their knowledge of droplet behaviors and dynamics, especially for their development and application in low-carbon engines.

Drops. --- Dynamics. --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Statics --- Drips --- Droplets --- Liquids --- Spheroidal state

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The recent global events of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020 have alerted the world to the urgent need to develop fast, sensitive, simple, and inexpensive analytical tools that are capable of carrying out a large number of quantitative analyses, not only in centralized laboratories and core facilities but also on site and for point-of-care applications. In particular, in the case of immunological tests, the required sensitivity and specificity is often lacking when carrying out large-scale screening using decentralized methods, while a centralized laboratory with qualified personnel is required for providing quantitative and reliable responses. The advantages typical of electrochemical and optical biosensors (low cost and easy transduction) can nowadays be complemented in terms of improved sensitivity by combining electrochemistry (EC) with optical techniques such as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), EC/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and EC/surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This Special Issue addresses existing knowledge gaps and aids in exploring new approaches, solutions, and applications for opto-electrochemical biosensors in the quantitative detection of disease markers, such as cancer biomarkers proteins and allergens, and pathogenic agents such as viruses. Included are seven peer-reviewed papers that cover a range of subjects and applications related to the strategies developed for early diagnosis.

gold nanoparticles --- doxycycline --- tetracycline --- SPR biosensor --- signal amplification --- clinical diagnosis --- microRNA --- electrochemical biosensor --- catalysts --- RedOx indicator --- cancer biomarker --- electrochemical immune platform --- human ST2 --- plasma --- pancreatic cancer --- collagen type I --- 4,4′-thiobisbenzenethiol --- nanogold --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- surface plasmon resonance --- half antibody --- medical diagnostic devices --- peptide --- antifouling --- protease --- biomarker --- bioreceptor --- SARS-CoV-2 detection --- nasopharyngeal swab --- saliva --- serum --- droplets --- amperometric biosensor --- neural esterase --- acetylcholinesterase --- inhibition --- organophosphate --- design --- optimization --- mathematical model --- flux control --- dimensionless --- n/a --- 4,4'-thiobisbenzenethiol

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The miniaturization of components in mechanical and electronic equipment has been the driving force for the fast development of micro/nanosystems. Heat and mass transfer are crucial processes in such systems, and they have attracted great interest in recent years. Tremendous effort, in terms of theoretical analyses, experimental measurements, numerical simulation, and practical applications, has been devoted to improve our understanding of complex heat and mass transfer processes and behaviors in such micro/nanosystems. This Special Issue is dedicated to showcasing recent advances in heat and mass transfer in micro- and nanosystems, with particular focus on the development of new models and theories, the employment of new experimental techniques, the adoption of new computational methods, and the design of novel micro/nanodevices. Thirteen articles have been published after peer-review evaluations, and these articles cover a wide spectrum of active research in the frontiers of micro/nanosystems.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Darcy-Forchheimer theory --- nonlinear stretching --- nanofluid --- magnetohydrodynamics --- convective conditions --- carbon nanotubes --- thermal radiation --- porous cavity --- wavy channels --- nanofluids --- forced convection --- heat enhancement --- pressure drop --- mesh model --- microfluidic --- flow distributions --- fluid network --- microchannel --- heat transfer enhancement --- numerical simulation --- monodisperse droplet generation --- satellite droplets --- piezoelectric method --- droplet coalescence --- lattice Boltzmann method --- inertial migration --- Poiseuille flow --- pulsatile velocity --- loop heat pipe --- deionized water --- two-phase flow --- visualization --- heat transfer experiment --- heat transfer --- porous media --- pore-scale modeling --- boundary condition --- thermal conductivity --- porosity --- conjugate interface --- aspect ratio --- Maxwell nanofluid --- Darcy-Forchheimer model --- chemical reaction --- Brownian diffusion --- wearable device --- microfluidic chip --- sweat collecting --- microfluidics --- liquid metal --- measurement --- temperature monitoring --- PCR --- pin-fins --- wavy pin-fins channel --- performance criterion --- friction factor --- Darcy-Forchheimer theory --- nonlinear stretching --- nanofluid --- magnetohydrodynamics --- convective conditions --- carbon nanotubes --- thermal radiation --- porous cavity --- wavy channels --- nanofluids --- forced convection --- heat enhancement --- pressure drop --- mesh model --- microfluidic --- flow distributions --- fluid network --- microchannel --- heat transfer enhancement --- numerical simulation --- monodisperse droplet generation --- satellite droplets --- piezoelectric method --- droplet coalescence --- lattice Boltzmann method --- inertial migration --- Poiseuille flow --- pulsatile velocity --- loop heat pipe --- deionized water --- two-phase flow --- visualization --- heat transfer experiment --- heat transfer --- porous media --- pore-scale modeling --- boundary condition --- thermal conductivity --- porosity --- conjugate interface --- aspect ratio --- Maxwell nanofluid --- Darcy-Forchheimer model --- chemical reaction --- Brownian diffusion --- wearable device --- microfluidic chip --- sweat collecting --- microfluidics --- liquid metal --- measurement --- temperature monitoring --- PCR --- pin-fins --- wavy pin-fins channel --- performance criterion --- friction factor

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The miniaturization of components in mechanical and electronic equipment has been the driving force for the fast development of micro/nanosystems. Heat and mass transfer are crucial processes in such systems, and they have attracted great interest in recent years. Tremendous effort, in terms of theoretical analyses, experimental measurements, numerical simulation, and practical applications, has been devoted to improve our understanding of complex heat and mass transfer processes and behaviors in such micro/nanosystems. This Special Issue is dedicated to showcasing recent advances in heat and mass transfer in micro- and nanosystems, with particular focus on the development of new models and theories, the employment of new experimental techniques, the adoption of new computational methods, and the design of novel micro/nanodevices. Thirteen articles have been published after peer-review evaluations, and these articles cover a wide spectrum of active research in the frontiers of micro/nanosystems.

Darcy-Forchheimer theory --- nonlinear stretching --- nanofluid --- magnetohydrodynamics --- convective conditions --- carbon nanotubes --- thermal radiation --- porous cavity --- wavy channels --- nanofluids --- forced convection --- heat enhancement --- pressure drop --- mesh model --- microfluidic --- flow distributions --- fluid network --- microchannel --- heat transfer enhancement --- numerical simulation --- monodisperse droplet generation --- satellite droplets --- piezoelectric method --- droplet coalescence --- lattice Boltzmann method --- inertial migration --- Poiseuille flow --- pulsatile velocity --- loop heat pipe --- deionized water --- two-phase flow --- visualization --- heat transfer experiment --- heat transfer --- porous media --- pore-scale modeling --- boundary condition --- thermal conductivity --- porosity --- conjugate interface --- aspect ratio --- Maxwell nanofluid --- Darcy–Forchheimer model --- chemical reaction --- Brownian diffusion --- wearable device --- microfluidic chip --- sweat collecting --- microfluidics --- liquid metal --- measurement --- temperature monitoring --- PCR --- pin-fins --- wavy pin-fins channel --- performance criterion --- friction factor --- n/a --- Darcy-Forchheimer model

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Protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of approximately 10,000 different soluble and membrane proteins of human cells, which amounts to about 30% of the proteome. Most of these proteins fulfill their functions either in the membrane or lumen of the ER plus the nuclear envelope, in one of the organelles of the pathways for endo- and exocytosis (ERGIC, Golgi apparatus, endosome, lysosome, and trafficking vesicles), or at the cell surface as plasma membrane or secreted proteins. An increasing number of membrane proteins destined to lipid droplets, peroxisomes or mitochondria are first targeted to and inserted into the ER membrane prior to their integration into budding lipid droplets or peroxisomes or prior to their delivery to mitochondria via the ER-SURF pathway. ER protein import involves two stages, ER targeting, which guarantees membrane specificity, and the insertion of nascent membrane proteins into or translocation of soluble precursor polypeptides across the ER membrane. In most cases, both processes depend on amino-terminal signal peptides or transmembrane helices, which serve as signal peptide equivalents. However, the targeting reaction can also involve the ER targeting of specific mRNAs or ribosome–nascent chain complexes. Both processes may occur co- or post-translationally and are facilitated by various sophisticated machineries, which reside in the cytosol and the ER membrane, respectively. Except for resident ER and mitochondrial membrane proteins, the mature proteins are delivered to their functional locations by vesicular transport.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- chaperones --- contact sites --- endoplasmic reticulum --- ER-SURF --- membrane extraction --- mitochondria --- protein targeting --- bimolecular luminescence complementation --- competition --- split luciferase --- membrane proteins --- protein-protein interactions --- Sec61 complex --- Sec63 --- synthetic peptide complementation --- TRAP complex --- ER protein translocase --- signal peptide --- protein translocation --- nascent peptide chain --- membrane insertion --- molecular modelling --- molecular dynamics simulations --- molecular docking --- signal peptidase --- ER translocon --- signal recognition particle dependent protein targeting --- Sec61 dependent translocation --- co-translational translocation --- inhibitor --- high throughput screening --- Sec61 --- Sec62 --- folding --- insertion --- membrane protein --- translocon --- ribosome --- transmembrane segment --- lipid droplets --- peroxisomes --- PEX3 --- membrane protein insertion --- label-free quantitative mass spectrometry --- differential protein abundance analysis --- Zellweger syndrome --- GET --- protein transport --- SND --- SRP --- EMC --- positive-inside rule --- hydrophobicity --- transmembrane helix --- signal recognition particle --- nascent polypeptide-associated complex --- fidelity --- cyclotriazadisulfonamide --- ER quality control --- DNAJC3 --- preprotein --- Sec61 translocon --- ribosome stalling --- signal sequence --- Sec61 translocase --- NAC --- chaperones --- contact sites --- endoplasmic reticulum --- ER-SURF --- membrane extraction --- mitochondria --- protein targeting --- bimolecular luminescence complementation --- competition --- split luciferase --- membrane proteins --- protein-protein interactions --- Sec61 complex --- Sec63 --- synthetic peptide complementation --- TRAP complex --- ER protein translocase --- signal peptide --- protein translocation --- nascent peptide chain --- membrane insertion --- molecular modelling --- molecular dynamics simulations --- molecular docking --- signal peptidase --- ER translocon --- signal recognition particle dependent protein targeting --- Sec61 dependent translocation --- co-translational translocation --- inhibitor --- high throughput screening --- Sec61 --- Sec62 --- folding --- insertion --- membrane protein --- translocon --- ribosome --- transmembrane segment --- lipid droplets --- peroxisomes --- PEX3 --- membrane protein insertion --- label-free quantitative mass spectrometry --- differential protein abundance analysis --- Zellweger syndrome --- GET --- protein transport --- SND --- SRP --- EMC --- positive-inside rule --- hydrophobicity --- transmembrane helix --- signal recognition particle --- nascent polypeptide-associated complex --- fidelity --- cyclotriazadisulfonamide --- ER quality control --- DNAJC3 --- preprotein --- Sec61 translocon --- ribosome stalling --- signal sequence --- Sec61 translocase --- NAC