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This Special Issue brings together original research papers, in all areas of mathematics, that are concerned with inequalities or the role of inequalities. The research results presented in this Special Issue are related to improvements in classical inequalities, highlighting their applications and promoting an exchange of ideas between mathematicians from many parts of the world dedicated to the theory of inequalities. This volume will be of interest to mathematicians specializing in inequality theory and beyond. Many of the studies presented here can be very useful in demonstrating new results. It is our great pleasure to publish this book. All contents were peer-reviewed by multiple referees and published as papers in our Special Issue in the journal Symmetry. These studies give new and interesting results in mathematical inequalities enabling readers to obtain the latest developments in the fields of mathematical inequalities. Finally, we would like to thank all the authors who have published their valuable work in this Special Issue. We would also like to thank the editors of the journal Symmetry for their help in making this volume, especially Mrs. Teresa Yu.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- Ostrowski inequality --- Hölder's inequality --- power mean integral inequality --- n-polynomial exponentially s-convex function --- weight coefficient --- Euler-Maclaurin summation formula --- Abel's partial summation formula --- half-discrete Hilbert-type inequality --- upper limit function --- Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- (p, q)-calculus --- convex functions --- trapezoid-type inequality --- fractional integrals --- functions of bounded variations --- (p,q)-integral --- post quantum calculus --- convex function --- a priori bounds --- 2D primitive equations --- continuous dependence --- heat source --- Jensen functional --- A-G-H inequalities --- global bounds --- power means --- Simpson-type inequalities --- thermoelastic plate --- Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative --- Saint-Venant principle --- biharmonic equation --- symmetric function --- Schur-convexity --- inequality --- special means --- Shannon entropy --- Tsallis entropy --- Fermi-Dirac entropy --- Bose-Einstein entropy --- arithmetic mean --- geometric mean --- Young's inequality --- Simpson's inequalities --- post-quantum calculus --- spatial decay estimates --- Brinkman equations --- midpoint and trapezoidal inequality --- Simpson's inequality --- harmonically convex functions --- Simpson inequality --- (n,m)-generalized convexity --- Ostrowski inequality --- Hölder's inequality --- power mean integral inequality --- n-polynomial exponentially s-convex function --- weight coefficient --- Euler-Maclaurin summation formula --- Abel's partial summation formula --- half-discrete Hilbert-type inequality --- upper limit function --- Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- (p, q)-calculus --- convex functions --- trapezoid-type inequality --- fractional integrals --- functions of bounded variations --- (p,q)-integral --- post quantum calculus --- convex function --- a priori bounds --- 2D primitive equations --- continuous dependence --- heat source --- Jensen functional --- A-G-H inequalities --- global bounds --- power means --- Simpson-type inequalities --- thermoelastic plate --- Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative --- Saint-Venant principle --- biharmonic equation --- symmetric function --- Schur-convexity --- inequality --- special means --- Shannon entropy --- Tsallis entropy --- Fermi-Dirac entropy --- Bose-Einstein entropy --- arithmetic mean --- geometric mean --- Young's inequality --- Simpson's inequalities --- post-quantum calculus --- spatial decay estimates --- Brinkman equations --- midpoint and trapezoidal inequality --- Simpson's inequality --- harmonically convex functions --- Simpson inequality --- (n,m)-generalized convexity

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Data science, information theory, probability theory, statistical learning and other related disciplines greatly benefit from non-negative measures of dissimilarity between pairs of probability measures. These are known as divergence measures, and exploring their mathematical foundations and diverse applications is of significant interest. The present Special Issue, entitled “Divergence Measures: Mathematical Foundations and Applications in Information-Theoretic and Statistical Problems”, includes eight original contributions, and it is focused on the study of the mathematical properties and applications of classical and generalized divergence measures from an information-theoretic perspective. It mainly deals with two key generalizations of the relative entropy: namely, the R_ényi divergence and the important class of f -divergences. It is our hope that the readers will find interest in this Special Issue, which will stimulate further research in the study of the mathematical foundations and applications of divergence measures.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- Bregman divergence --- f-divergence --- Jensen-Bregman divergence --- Jensen diversity --- Jensen-Shannon divergence --- capacitory discrimination --- Jensen-Shannon centroid --- mixture family --- information geometry --- difference of convex (DC) programming --- conditional Rényi divergence --- horse betting --- Kelly gambling --- Rényi divergence --- Rényi mutual information --- relative entropy --- chi-squared divergence --- f-divergences --- method of types --- large deviations --- strong data-processing inequalities --- information contraction --- maximal correlation --- Markov chains --- information inequalities --- mutual information --- Rényi entropy --- Carlson-Levin inequality --- information measures --- hypothesis testing --- total variation --- skew-divergence --- convexity --- Pinsker's inequality --- Bayes risk --- statistical divergences --- minimum divergence estimator --- maximum likelihood --- bootstrap --- conditional limit theorem --- Bahadur efficiency --- α-mutual information --- Augustin-Csiszár mutual information --- data transmission --- error exponents --- dimensionality reduction --- discriminant analysis --- statistical inference --- Bregman divergence --- f-divergence --- Jensen-Bregman divergence --- Jensen diversity --- Jensen-Shannon divergence --- capacitory discrimination --- Jensen-Shannon centroid --- mixture family --- information geometry --- difference of convex (DC) programming --- conditional Rényi divergence --- horse betting --- Kelly gambling --- Rényi divergence --- Rényi mutual information --- relative entropy --- chi-squared divergence --- f-divergences --- method of types --- large deviations --- strong data-processing inequalities --- information contraction --- maximal correlation --- Markov chains --- information inequalities --- mutual information --- Rényi entropy --- Carlson-Levin inequality --- information measures --- hypothesis testing --- total variation --- skew-divergence --- convexity --- Pinsker's inequality --- Bayes risk --- statistical divergences --- minimum divergence estimator --- maximum likelihood --- bootstrap --- conditional limit theorem --- Bahadur efficiency --- α-mutual information --- Augustin-Csiszár mutual information --- data transmission --- error exponents --- dimensionality reduction --- discriminant analysis --- statistical inference

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Data science, information theory, probability theory, statistical learning and other related disciplines greatly benefit from non-negative measures of dissimilarity between pairs of probability measures. These are known as divergence measures, and exploring their mathematical foundations and diverse applications is of significant interest. The present Special Issue, entitled “Divergence Measures: Mathematical Foundations and Applications in Information-Theoretic and Statistical Problems”, includes eight original contributions, and it is focused on the study of the mathematical properties and applications of classical and generalized divergence measures from an information-theoretic perspective. It mainly deals with two key generalizations of the relative entropy: namely, the R_ényi divergence and the important class of f -divergences. It is our hope that the readers will find interest in this Special Issue, which will stimulate further research in the study of the mathematical foundations and applications of divergence measures.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- Bregman divergence --- f-divergence --- Jensen–Bregman divergence --- Jensen diversity --- Jensen–Shannon divergence --- capacitory discrimination --- Jensen–Shannon centroid --- mixture family --- information geometry --- difference of convex (DC) programming --- conditional Rényi divergence --- horse betting --- Kelly gambling --- Rényi divergence --- Rényi mutual information --- relative entropy --- chi-squared divergence --- f-divergences --- method of types --- large deviations --- strong data–processing inequalities --- information contraction --- maximal correlation --- Markov chains --- information inequalities --- mutual information --- Rényi entropy --- Carlson–Levin inequality --- information measures --- hypothesis testing --- total variation --- skew-divergence --- convexity --- Pinsker’s inequality --- Bayes risk --- statistical divergences --- minimum divergence estimator --- maximum likelihood --- bootstrap --- conditional limit theorem --- Bahadur efficiency --- α-mutual information --- Augustin–Csiszár mutual information --- data transmission --- error exponents --- dimensionality reduction --- discriminant analysis --- statistical inference --- n/a --- Jensen-Bregman divergence --- Jensen-Shannon divergence --- Jensen-Shannon centroid --- conditional Rényi divergence --- Rényi divergence --- Rényi mutual information --- strong data-processing inequalities --- Rényi entropy --- Carlson-Levin inequality --- Pinsker's inequality --- Augustin-Csiszár mutual information

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The present book focuses on that part of calculus of variations, optimization, nonlinear analysis and related applications which combines tools and methods from partial differential equations with geometrical techniques. More precisely, this work is devoted to nonlinear problems coming from different areas, with particular reference to those introducing new techniques capable of solving a wide range of problems. The book is a valuable guide for researchers, engineers and students in the field of mathematics, operations research, optimal control science, artificial intelligence, management science and economics.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- well posedness --- constrained variational control problem --- monotonicity --- pseudomonotonicity --- hemicontinuity --- multiple integral functional --- lower semicontinuity --- fractional differential equations --- fractional derivative of Riemann-Liouville type --- integral boundary value problems --- Green's functions --- Guo-Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem in cones --- sublinearity and superlinearity --- Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem --- multi-objective programming --- fractional transportation problem --- intuitionistic fuzzy set --- parametric programming --- convex function --- h-convex function --- Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- Caputo-Fabrizio fractional integral --- Jensen inequality --- Jensen-Mercer inequality --- multiobjective programs with vanishing constraints --- semidefinite programming --- convexificators --- nonsmooth analysis --- constraint qualifications --- interval-valued function --- Riemann integral --- LR-convex interval-valued function --- interval Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- interval Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér inequality --- Lieb concavity theorem --- deformed exponential --- Pick function --- convexity of matrix --- low carbon inventory --- discount --- payment in advance --- price-sensitive demand --- emission reduction --- advances of SDO --- applications of SDO --- metaheuristic optimization --- nature-inspired algorithms --- optimization problems --- spiral dynamics optimization --- spiral-inspired optimization algorithms --- spiral paths --- (p,s)-convex fuzzy-interval-valued function --- fuzzy Riemann integral --- Jensen type inequality --- Schur type inequality --- Hermite-Hadamard type inequality --- Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequality --- inverse geometric problem --- Laplace equation --- method of fundamental solution --- least-square problem --- micro resonator --- fractal --- multistability --- safe jump --- hidden attractor --- chaos --- basin of attraction --- LR-Harmonically convexity --- fractional integral operator --- Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities --- multimodal multi-objective optimization --- manta ray foraging optimizer --- non-dominated solution --- crowing distance --- engineering design problem --- optimal power flow --- renewable energy sources --- improved chaos game optimization --- TD-TI controller --- load frequency control --- electrical vehicles --- well posedness --- constrained variational control problem --- monotonicity --- pseudomonotonicity --- hemicontinuity --- multiple integral functional --- lower semicontinuity --- fractional differential equations --- fractional derivative of Riemann-Liouville type --- integral boundary value problems --- Green's functions --- Guo-Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem in cones --- sublinearity and superlinearity --- Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem --- multi-objective programming --- fractional transportation problem --- intuitionistic fuzzy set --- parametric programming --- convex function --- h-convex function --- Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- Caputo-Fabrizio fractional integral --- Jensen inequality --- Jensen-Mercer inequality --- multiobjective programs with vanishing constraints --- semidefinite programming --- convexificators --- nonsmooth analysis --- constraint qualifications --- interval-valued function --- Riemann integral --- LR-convex interval-valued function --- interval Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- interval Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér inequality --- Lieb concavity theorem --- deformed exponential --- Pick function --- convexity of matrix --- low carbon inventory --- discount --- payment in advance --- price-sensitive demand --- emission reduction --- advances of SDO --- applications of SDO --- metaheuristic optimization --- nature-inspired algorithms --- optimization problems --- spiral dynamics optimization --- spiral-inspired optimization algorithms --- spiral paths --- (p,s)-convex fuzzy-interval-valued function --- fuzzy Riemann integral --- Jensen type inequality --- Schur type inequality --- Hermite-Hadamard type inequality --- Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequality --- inverse geometric problem --- Laplace equation --- method of fundamental solution --- least-square problem --- micro resonator --- fractal --- multistability --- safe jump --- hidden attractor --- chaos --- basin of attraction --- LR-Harmonically convexity --- fractional integral operator --- Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities --- multimodal multi-objective optimization --- manta ray foraging optimizer --- non-dominated solution --- crowing distance --- engineering design problem --- optimal power flow --- renewable energy sources --- improved chaos game optimization --- TD-TI controller --- load frequency control --- electrical vehicles