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The production and supply of raw materials is a basic ecosystem service, the origin of multiple production value chains. In 2011, the European Union elaborated a list of critical raw materials (CRMs), taking the economic and strategic importance for the European economy and the supply risk. Although focused mainly on the energy sector, the USA, Canada, and other countries took recently similar steps. Despite the great inertia characterising the mineral raw materials sector, some steps towards the Industry 4.0 paradigm can be envisaged. Significant challenges to the mining sector are the appropriate process design using the best available technologies; the increase in energy efficiency; the responsible use of water and handling of mining wastes; the social acceptance of the activity; and the digitalisation challenge. This book aims to propose strategies that can help face those challenges, especially in increasing energy efficiency in comminution operations.

comminution --- simulation --- work index --- grindability --- critical metals --- ball mill --- kinetic grinding --- specific grinding rate --- Sn–Ta–Nb --- Penouta Mine --- critical raw materials --- tungsten ore --- grinding kinetics --- ball mills --- grinding media --- energy efficiency --- Bond work index --- bond work index --- particle size distribution --- metallurgical coke --- electrofragmentation --- Marx generator --- modeling --- n/a --- Sn-Ta-Nb

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Additive manufacturing is already actively used in various high-tech industries today. At the same time, there is a certain limitation and imperfection of known and widely used conventional materials when they are used in additive manufacturing. In this regard, extensive research and development are aimed at the advancements of new materials by adjusting the chemical compositions of conventional alloys, new equipment with expanded functionality and the ability to work with a wide range of materials that were previously not available for additive manufacturing. This Special Issue covers a wide scope of additive manufacturing processes, comprising investigation, characterization of materials and their properties, development and application of new materials, structures designed for additive manufacturing, as well as processes and techniques that will expand the potential applications of layer-by-layer synthesis.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- additive manufacturing --- binder jetting --- silicon carbide --- spray drying --- pyrolysis --- n/a --- direct laser deposition (DLD) --- direct metal deposition --- additive manufacturing (AM) --- corrosion resistant steel --- heat treatment (HT) --- maraging steel --- microstructure --- mechanical characteristics --- selective laser melting --- titanium alloy --- mechanical alloying --- powder bed fusion --- nitinol --- direct laser deposition --- heat transfer --- mass transfer --- hydrodynamics --- simulation of the melt pool --- alloys --- Ti-6Al-4V --- direct energy deposition --- thermal history --- annealing --- phase composition --- tensile properties --- tungsten carbides --- cobalt --- nanopowder --- synthesis --- granulation --- spheroidization --- DC thermal plasma --- lead-free piezoceramic --- barium titanate --- sintering --- piezoelectric properties --- titanium alloys --- multimaterial 3D printing --- graded materials --- mechanical properties --- stress relaxation --- elevated temperatures --- pure tungsten --- selective electron beam melting (SEBM) --- porosity --- soft-magnetic alloy --- FeSiB --- magnetic properties

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Many recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, have proven the necessity of a transformation of the current economic system based on a linear schema of: “take”, “make”, “use”, and “dispose”. This radical change should involve all of the actors involved in the economic system: institutions, industries, consumers, and scientific research. Only cooperation among these stakeholders can ensure an effective shift toward a circular model. However, which kinds of actions can be performed to implement an effective circular economy? The present Special Issue collects nine papers that prove the possibility of implementing the circular economy from different points of view. The authors analyze all of the spheres of sustainability (environmental, economic, and social) in a variety of contexts, evaluating the effect of the circular choices. The nine papers include several key product value chains, in agreement with the most recent European Circular Economy Action Plan (e.g., electronics and ICT, batteries, plastics, construction and buildings, and food). The present paper collection proves that the circular economy is not only a simple business model, but rather, it involves the integration of many strategies for the protection of the natural ecosystem and the maintenance of worldwide economic stability. The holistic approach is essential for a successful business model, and innovation has an indispensable role in the transition. In this context, the present Special Issue aims to be a multidisciplinary collection of innovations useful for all of the stakeholders involved in the circular economy.

printed circuit boards --- biotechnologies --- circular economy --- Aspergillus niger --- copper --- zinc --- food waste --- life cycle assessment --- secondary mining resources --- electrodialytic process --- upscale --- tungsten --- arsenic --- hydrogen --- agriculture residue --- environmental sustainability --- bio-based product --- innovation capability and resilience --- business dynamics --- ecoinnovation index --- R&D personnel by sector --- inclusiveness --- stakeholders --- capacity building --- entrepreneurship --- cooperative business models --- collaborative networks --- lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) --- energy storage --- Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) --- European Union (EU) legislation --- critical raw materials (CRM) --- organizational sustainability --- knowledge management --- total quality management --- sustainable development --- linear economy --- circular design --- circularity --- vernacular architecture --- Egypt --- competitiveness --- investments and patents governance --- innovation and policy for sustainability --- societal transformation --- n/a

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Micro- and nanomanufacturing technologies have been researched and developed in the industrial environment with the goal of supporting product miniaturization and the integration of new functionalities. The technological development of new materials and processing methods needs to be supported by predictive models which can simulate the interactions between materials, process states, and product properties. In comparison with the conventional manufacturing scale, micro- and nanoscale technologies require the study of different mechanical, thermal, and fluid dynamics, phenomena which need to be assessed and modeled.This Special Issue is dedicated to advances in the modeling of micro- and nanomanufacturing processes. The development of new models, validation of state-of-the-art modeling strategies, and approaches to material model calibration are presented. The goal is to provide state-of-the-art examples of the use of modeling and simulation in micro- and nanomanufacturing processes, promoting the diffusion and development of these technologies.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- modular microfluidic system --- 3D printing --- gel microspheres --- laser-induced periodical surface structures --- micro-injection molding --- replication --- surface wettability --- micro-groove --- electrochemical machining --- porous cathode --- conductive mask --- machining localization --- dimensional uniformity --- nanogrinding --- abrasive grains --- rake angle --- spacing --- grinding forces --- grinding temperature --- chip formation --- subsurface damage --- micro injection molding --- additive manufacturing --- stereolithography --- K9 glass --- mathematical model --- grinding force --- brittle fracture --- ductile–brittle transition --- active grains number --- lithography simulation --- microelectromechanical system --- waveguide method --- microstructure --- radial ultrasonic rolling electrochemical micromachining (RUR-EMM) --- material removal amount --- surface roughness --- response surface methodology (RSM) --- turning --- minimum chip thickness --- micromachining --- femtosecond micromachining --- burst processing --- intraocular lens --- hydrophilic acrylic --- polishing --- laser assisted turning --- tungsten carbide --- diamond turning --- finite element analysis --- prostheses --- ITAP --- micro topology --- ANSYS --- MATLAB --- additive manufacture --- n/a --- ductile-brittle transition

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This reprint presents the current state of knowledge and the latest advances in the development of microstructure and material properties using modern FSP (Friction Stir Processing) and related technologies such as FSW (Friction Stir Welding). The chapters of this reprint contain valuable results of research on changes in the microstructure and properties of materials caused by the use of the above technologies. Detailed analysis of these results allowed for the formulation of constructive conclusions of scientific and technological importance. The issues described in here present a significant cognitive and application potential and indicate the problems and implementation challenges faced by users of FSP and related technologies.

stir casting --- boron carbide --- silicon carbide --- AA6061 aluminium alloy --- tensile strength --- friction stir welding --- bobbin tool --- AA1050-H14 --- pin geometry --- travel speed --- welding temperature --- mechanical properties --- groove joint design --- gas tungsten arc welding --- 2205 DSS --- friction stir lap welding --- definitive screening design (DSD) --- tensile shear load --- tool penetration depth --- plunge depth --- friction stir deposition --- solid-state additive manufacturing --- AA2011-T6 and AA2011-O --- AA2011 aluminum alloy --- microstructure --- intermetallics --- hardness --- Friction stir spot welding --- low-carbon steel --- brass --- load-carrying capacity --- dissimilar friction stir welding --- tool penetration depth (TPD) --- intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness --- process parameter --- friction stir processing --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- air cooling --- jet cooling nozzle --- microstructure evolution --- tribological properties --- aluminum alloys --- AA6082 --- friction stir spot welding --- n/a