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This book focuses on the characterization of the physical properties of the Earth’s ionosphere, contributing to unveiling the nature of several processes responsible for a plethora of space weather-related phenomena taking place in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This is made possible by the exploitation of a huge amount of high-quality data derived from both remote sensing and in situ facilities such as ionosondes, radars, satellites and Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- electron temperature --- topside ionosphere --- ESA Swarm satellites --- International Reference Ionosphere model --- Langmuir Probes in-situ data --- Incoherent Scatter Radar data --- GNSS --- GBAS --- ionospheric gradient anomaly --- one class support vector machine --- earthquake --- pre-earthquake anomalies --- swarm satellites --- ionospheric plasma --- deep learning --- physical mechanisms --- τ --- geomagnetic equator --- magnetic storm --- ionosphere --- vertical pulse sounding --- ionosonde --- ionogram --- software-defined radio --- radar imaging --- aspect angle --- field-aligned plasma irregularities --- mid-latitude E region --- norm-constrained Capon --- VHF radar --- plasma turbulence --- ionospheric irregularities --- ionosphere F region --- high latitude --- pressure-gradient current --- diamagnetic current --- swarm measurements --- oblique ionogram --- automatic inversion --- electron density profile --- quasi-parabolic segments --- the sporadic E layer --- internal fine structure --- high-resolution ionosphere imaging --- frequency domain interferometry technique --- auroral ionosphere --- E × B plasma motion --- ionospheric scintillation --- GNSS-R --- CYGNSS --- earthquakes --- polar ionosphere --- VIPIR --- Dynasonde --- Jang Bogo Station (JBS) --- Antarctica --- solar eclipse --- precise point positioning --- total electron content --- rate of total electron content index --- Swarm satellite measurements --- electron density --- main ionospheric trough --- high latitude trough --- ring ionospheric trough --- low latitude trough --- auroral diffuse precipitation --- n/a

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The present book covers the main challenges, important for future prospects of subsoils extraction as a public effective and profitable business, as well as technologically advanced industry. In the near future, the mining industry must overcome the problems of structural changes in raw materials demand and raise the productivity up to the level of high-tech industries to maintain the profits. This means the formation of a comprehensive and integral response to such challenges as the need for innovative modernization of mining equipment and an increase in its reliability, the widespread introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies in the activities of mining enterprises, the transition to "green mining" and the improvement of labor safety and avoidance of man-made accidents. The answer to these challenges is impossible without involving a wide range of scientific community in the publication of research results and exchange of views and ideas. To solve the problem, this book combines the works of researchers from the world's leading centers of mining science on the development of mining machines and mechanical systems, surface and underground geotechnology, mineral processing, digital systems in mining, mine ventilation and labor protection, and geo-ecology. A special place among them is given to post-mining technologies research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- underground mining --- ventilation systems --- methane release hazard --- spontaneous combustion hazard --- safety --- copper ore comminution --- hydro-jet mill --- high-pressure water jet --- deep underground min --- IoT devices --- smartphone --- gas hazards --- Industry 4.0 in mining --- ball mills --- energy efficiency --- internal dynamics --- DEM model --- resonance oscillations --- measurements --- drilling rig --- process monitoring --- operational cycles --- sound measurement --- electric current acquisition --- threshold-based segmentation --- envelope spectrum --- safety function --- electro-hydraulic control system --- powered roof support --- textile conveyor belts --- multiply conveyor belts --- multiply belt splices --- laboratory splice tests --- fluid coupling --- ball mill --- electric motor --- drive system --- grinding --- energetic efficiency --- surface mining --- mining equipment --- multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) --- ELECTRE III --- thermal imaging --- belt conveyor --- diagnostics --- mechanical failure --- preventative maintenance --- well reamer --- rock mass --- intensification of production --- nonlinear law --- completion of wells --- innovative technology --- UAV --- acoustic signal processing --- Euclidean distance --- underground mine --- search and rescue --- drilling --- pipe --- drill bit --- manufacturing error --- material --- model --- elastic modulus --- computational fluid dynamics --- numerical model geometry --- laser scanning --- machine diagnostics --- LHD --- engine oil pressure data --- oil pump wear --- statistical analysis --- convergence functions --- numerical modeling --- high horizontal stress --- excavations stability assessment --- mobile laser scanning --- Velodyne LiDAR --- Riegl scanning system --- open pit mine --- underground laboratory --- new ways of mine reclamation --- sustainability --- circular economy --- radar interferometry --- subsidence trough --- automatic detection --- mathematical morphology --- n/a --- Waddawalla / Well 40 (Great Sandy Desert WA SF51-08)

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The increasing share of renewable energy sources is drawing attention to a critical challenge. The availability of wind turbines and photovoltaic solar cells is limited and difficult to predict. They usually provide a fluctuating feed-in to the grid, so energy reserves, e.g., conventional thermal power plants or energy storage systems, are necessary to establish a balance between electricity supply and demand. Various solutions can be adopted to maintain the security of supply and improve the flexibility of the future power system, such as improving the efficiency of technical processes in areas such as thermal power plants, cement and metallurgy industries, the use of advanced thermochemical conversion technologies such as gasification, the expansion of high-voltage transmission infrastructure, the promoting of renewable energy sources, the employment of large-scale energy storage systems, and the use of highly flexible power generation units with carbon capture and utilisation, such as combined-cycle power plants. Given this background, this Special Issue contains fundamental scientific studies on the latest research progress in the development and optimisation of gasification processes, renewable energy source “solar energy”, synthesis of new hybrid nanocomposites and nanofluids, carbon capture, and energy storage systems. Special Issue Editors Falah Alobaid Jochen Ströhle

gasification --- sewage sludge --- syngas --- sulfur --- tar --- ammonia --- biofuel --- synthesis stoichiometry --- operation parameters --- nutrient recovery --- circular economy --- plastics --- waste blends --- thermogravimetric analysis --- pyrolysis --- thermo-economic --- aqua-ammonia --- lithium bromide-water --- absorption systems --- design --- solar collectors --- steam gasification --- biomass --- bubbling fluidized bed --- Aspen Plus simulation --- hydrogen production --- devolatilization --- biomass pretreatments --- wheat straw pellets --- gas yield --- carbon conversion --- fluidized bed --- dynamic simulation --- parabolic trough power plant --- control circuit --- solar field --- thermal storage system --- chemical looping gasification --- carbon dioxide capture --- oxygen carriers --- APROS --- operation strategy --- comparative study --- CO2 capture --- CO2 absorption --- liquid holdup --- pressure drop --- clear liquid height --- froth height --- experimental study --- stand-alone system --- molten salt --- combined cycle plants --- MgO-DW nanofluid --- two-step technique --- co-precipitation --- XRD and SEM --- thermal conductivity --- dynamic viscosity --- nanofluid --- absorption --- improvement --- solvent --- shape memory alloys --- Ni-Ti-Ag --- casting --- VAR furnace --- microstructure --- XRD --- mechanical properties --- hybrid nano-composites --- powder metallurgy --- Fe2O3 --- Ag --- wear --- heat transfer enhancement --- binary basket–twisted strip inserts --- friction characteristics --- thermal performance characteristics --- turbulent flow --- n/a --- binary basket-twisted strip inserts

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The present book covers the main challenges, important for future prospects of subsoils extraction as a public effective and profitable business, as well as technologically advanced industry. In the near future, the mining industry must overcome the problems of structural changes in raw materials demand and raise the productivity up to the level of high-tech industries to maintain the profits. This means the formation of a comprehensive and integral response to such challenges as the need for innovative modernization of mining equipment and an increase in its reliability, the widespread introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies in the activities of mining enterprises, the transition to "green mining" and the improvement of labor safety and avoidance of man-made accidents. The answer to these challenges is impossible without involving a wide range of scientific community in the publication of research results and exchange of views and ideas. To solve the problem, this book combines the works of researchers from the world's leading centers of mining science on the development of mining machines and mechanical systems, surface and underground geotechnology, mineral processing, digital systems in mining, mine ventilation and labor protection, and geo-ecology. A special place among them is given to post-mining technologies research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- underground mining --- ventilation systems --- methane release hazard --- spontaneous combustion hazard --- safety --- copper ore comminution --- hydro-jet mill --- high-pressure water jet --- deep underground min --- IoT devices --- smartphone --- gas hazards --- Industry 4.0 in mining --- ball mills --- energy efficiency --- internal dynamics --- DEM model --- resonance oscillations --- measurements --- drilling rig --- process monitoring --- operational cycles --- sound measurement --- electric current acquisition --- threshold-based segmentation --- envelope spectrum --- safety function --- electro-hydraulic control system --- powered roof support --- textile conveyor belts --- multiply conveyor belts --- multiply belt splices --- laboratory splice tests --- fluid coupling --- ball mill --- electric motor --- drive system --- grinding --- energetic efficiency --- surface mining --- mining equipment --- multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) --- ELECTRE III --- thermal imaging --- belt conveyor --- diagnostics --- mechanical failure --- preventative maintenance --- well reamer --- rock mass --- intensification of production --- nonlinear law --- completion of wells --- innovative technology --- UAV --- acoustic signal processing --- Euclidean distance --- underground mine --- search and rescue --- drilling --- pipe --- drill bit --- manufacturing error --- material --- model --- elastic modulus --- computational fluid dynamics --- numerical model geometry --- laser scanning --- machine diagnostics --- LHD --- engine oil pressure data --- oil pump wear --- statistical analysis --- convergence functions --- numerical modeling --- high horizontal stress --- excavations stability assessment --- mobile laser scanning --- Velodyne LiDAR --- Riegl scanning system --- open pit mine --- underground laboratory --- new ways of mine reclamation --- sustainability --- circular economy --- radar interferometry --- subsidence trough --- automatic detection --- mathematical morphology --- Waddawalla / Well 40 (Great Sandy Desert WA SF51-08)