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In the biochemical reactions that take place within all living beings, species called free radicals are generated. Denham Harman, in his study on the origin and evolution of life (Harman, 2001), proposes that these species are amongst the causes of the origin of life on our planet. Oxygen is a molecule that provides the primary source of energy in aerobic organisms and therefore is key to the development and evolution of life. On the one hand, it gives rise to life; on the other, due to its ability to form different free radicals, it is capable of damaging essential structures for development. To combat these radicals, our biological systems have developed antioxidant defenses. However, when the balance between free radicals and antioxidant defenses is broken in favor of the former, a phenomenon called oxidative stress occurs, which ends up damaging molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (Sies, 1983) (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1985). This phenomenon is implicated both in the development of diseases and in their progression. In addition, inflammation phenomena are also involved in most pathologies, which, although they are essential for tissue repair and immunity, turn against our bodies when they become excessively active. For these reasons, in this special edition we showcase an extensive knowledge of the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation both in diseases such as aging, or for its role in health.

Public health & preventive medicine --- diospyrin --- lipopolysaccharide --- anti-inflammation --- macrophages --- nitric oxide --- cytokine --- calcium --- CHOP --- Fas --- p38 MAPK --- Astragalus mongholicus Bunge --- danazol --- telomere --- telomerase --- aging --- diabetic kidney disease --- oxidative stress --- redox imbalance --- hyperimmunized milk --- exercise --- inflammation --- intestinal permeability --- acute respiratory distress syndrome --- antiplatelet --- aspirin --- therapy --- gender --- membrane erythrocyte --- hydroperoxides --- biomarker --- DPPP --- DPH --- TMA --- cardiovascular disease --- data analysis --- precision–recall --- Mediterranean diet --- Oriental diet --- nutrition --- polyphenols --- microbiota --- health --- n-3 PUFAs --- endogenous antioxidants --- anti-inflammatory response --- cardiovascular diseases --- dry eye syndrome --- corneal damage --- tear lipidome --- 5-lipoxigenase --- leukotriene B4 --- prostaglandins --- dimethyl sulfoxide --- zileuton --- air pollution --- soot --- particulate matter --- lung inflammation --- functional groups --- microglia --- porcine liver decomposition product --- lysophospholipids --- mild cognitive impairment --- dementia --- neuroinflammation --- cytokines --- oxygen reactive species --- caloric restriction --- oxidative balance --- adiponectin --- plasma --- white adipose tissue --- experimental model --- anti-inflammatory diets --- inflammatory response --- chronic inflammation --- low grade chronic inflammation --- inflammatory models --- cyclophosphamide --- doxorubicin --- docetaxel --- paclitaxel --- n/a --- precision-recall

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Over the last 100 years, the numerous advances in science, the improved sanitary conditions and a decline in poverty have led to an increase in life expectancy. As a result, in the coming years, the number of over-65s will triple, and the over-80s will be the fastest growing portion of the population.However, an increased lifespan is associated with an increase in chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, sarcopenia, and degenerative disorders. Therefore, ideally, increased lifespan should be associated to a better healthspan, which is the period one individual is living in good health.Based on evidence that aging is a multifaceted phenomenon, resulting from one or more failures at the molecular, cellular, physiologic, and functional levels, age-related diseases are difficult therapeutic targets.Data on the correlation between the quality of one’s diet and life expectancy, and the application of calorie restriction regimens, or of micronutrients, antioxidants and functional foods in the diet make nutrition, together with exercise, a natural weapon to combat age-related diseases and improve healthspan.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- community-dwelling --- elderly --- exercise --- frailty --- intervention --- multi-component --- nutrition education --- randomized controlled trial --- hyperglycemia --- anthocyanins --- endothelial dysfunction --- vasodilation --- energy intake --- memory impairment --- carbohydrates --- sugar --- older adults --- sarcopenia --- muscle mass --- muscle strength --- nutrition --- food frequency questionnaire --- dietary patterns --- reduced rank regression --- community-dwelling older people --- Mediterranean diet --- frailty index --- trajectory --- performance --- nutritional status --- vitamin D --- protein --- vitamin E --- tocotrienol --- metabolites --- obesity --- mice --- inflammation --- diet --- food consumption --- cognition --- cognitive domains --- MCI subtypes --- China --- telomere --- carbohydrate --- NHANES --- antioxidant --- legume --- potato --- seafood --- elderly people --- health --- non-communicable diseases --- malnutrition --- Mexico --- MNA --- MHAS --- healthy aging --- dietary diversity --- physical functional limitation --- comorbidity --- psychological stress --- food restriction --- gut hormones --- hypothalamic neuropeptides and obesity --- aging --- life-span --- health-span --- calorie restriction --- calorie restriction mimetic --- resveratrol --- experimental models --- inflammaging --- probiotics --- healthy older subjects --- dietary pattern --- food variety score --- preterm --- breast milk --- fortification --- neurodevelopment