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High-quality primary data publications and review articles have been selected for publication in this Special Issue. They, collectively, draw a comprehensive picture of some of the most relevant questions linking (healthy) nutrition to brain development and brain disorders.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- cocaine self-administration --- high-fat diet --- high-sugar diet --- maternal diet --- pregnancy and lactation --- melanocortin-4 receptor --- offspring brain --- rat offspring --- maternal nutrition --- protein restriction --- fetal brain --- hypothalamus --- differentiation --- neurogenesis --- transcriptomics --- epitranscriptomics --- mitochondria --- PKU --- cognitive outcomes --- cross-cultural --- cross-countries --- Phe associations --- spearmint --- rosmarinic acid --- polyphenol --- amyloid fibril --- amyloid beta --- alpha-synuclein --- Tau --- dementia --- human milk oligosaccharides --- cognition --- brain development --- animal behaviour --- fucosyllactose --- sialyllactose --- long term potentiation --- gut–brain–axis --- gut microbiome --- short-chain fatty acids --- bacterial metabolites --- SCFA --- manganese --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- choroid plexus --- ketogenic supplement --- ketosis --- aging --- lifespan --- neurodegenerative disease --- learning --- memory --- early childhood --- nutrition --- Mediterranean diet --- body mass index --- cognitive development --- multi-omics --- microvascular --- brain --- high glycemic diet --- soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor --- maless --- depression --- affective disorder --- gut-brain-axis --- bacteria --- probiotics --- therapy --- treatment --- n/a --- blood-brain barrier --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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High-quality primary data publications and review articles have been selected for publication in this Special Issue. They, collectively, draw a comprehensive picture of some of the most relevant questions linking (healthy) nutrition to brain development and brain disorders.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- cocaine self-administration --- high-fat diet --- high-sugar diet --- maternal diet --- pregnancy and lactation --- melanocortin-4 receptor --- offspring brain --- rat offspring --- maternal nutrition --- protein restriction --- fetal brain --- hypothalamus --- differentiation --- neurogenesis --- transcriptomics --- epitranscriptomics --- mitochondria --- PKU --- cognitive outcomes --- cross-cultural --- cross-countries --- Phe associations --- spearmint --- rosmarinic acid --- polyphenol --- amyloid fibril --- amyloid beta --- alpha-synuclein --- Tau --- dementia --- human milk oligosaccharides --- cognition --- brain development --- animal behaviour --- fucosyllactose --- sialyllactose --- long term potentiation --- gut-brain-axis --- gut microbiome --- short-chain fatty acids --- bacterial metabolites --- SCFA --- manganese --- blood-brain barrier --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- choroid plexus --- ketogenic supplement --- ketosis --- aging --- lifespan --- neurodegenerative disease --- learning --- memory --- early childhood --- nutrition --- Mediterranean diet --- body mass index --- cognitive development --- multi-omics --- microvascular --- brain --- high glycemic diet --- soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor --- maless --- depression --- affective disorder --- bacteria --- probiotics --- therapy --- treatment

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Azoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate after examination of the centrifuged specimens, affects about 1% of the male population and 10–15% of infertile men. In about two-thirds of cases, this is caused by severe spermatogenic dysfunction, and it is commonly termed “nonobstructive azoospermia” (NOA) to differentiate it from the less severe form of azoospermia caused by the obstruction of the seminal tract (obstructive azoospermia—OA), the latter affecting the remaining one-third of cases. Managing patients with NOA is challenging due to the severity of spermatogenic dysfunction and the lack of medical treatments, with surgical retrieval of testicular sperm being the only way of enabling some of these patients to father their own biological children. In-depth clinical knowledge is key for supporting clinical reasoning and decision making when counselling patients with NOA, and surgical skill is required to maximize the outcome of surgical procedures that aim to retrieve testicular sperm. The present book is a collection of scientific papers published in a Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine, authored by some of the most influential researchers in the field. The Special Issue, and thus also this book, were conceived to provide early career reproductive urologists and endocrinologists with an update of the scientific evidence in the field, together with surgical tips.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- nonobstructive azoospermia --- micro-TESE --- FSH treatment --- hormonal treatment --- testosterone level --- microdissection testicular sperm extraction --- non-obstructive azoospermia --- management --- infertility --- intracytoplasmic sperm injection --- testicular azoospermia --- sperm selection --- sperm --- cryopreservation --- in vitro maturation --- azoospermia --- diagnosis --- male infertility --- spermatogenic failure --- testis biopsy --- sperm retrieval --- genetic testing --- endocrine evaluation --- review --- hypogonadism --- Sertoli cell-only syndrome --- testicular spermatozoa --- processing --- microfluidics --- new technologies --- genetics --- exome --- WES --- Y chromosome --- cancer --- NOA --- genes --- general health --- ICSI --- offspring health --- microTESE --- prediction model

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Preterm delivery (PTD; < 37 weeks’ gestation) complicates 5%–13% of deliveries worldwide, depending on the geographical and demographical characteristics of the population tested. It is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as maternal morbidity. In fact, prematurity has both short- and long-term consequences for affected offspring and can leave these individuals with lifelong disabilities, even after the available interventions are attempted. While various risk factors for preterm birth are well-recognized, the etiology for preterm birth is multifactorial. Preterm parturition is a syndrome resulting from the premature activation of the common pathway of parturition, including an increased myometrial contractility; cervical ripening/dilatation and effacement; and membrane/decidual activation. Because the prevalence of preterm birth is so high, it is thought to put more financial, medical, and emotional stress on affected communities than any other perinatal issue. In past years, most of the research interest resulted in the prevention of preterm birth in order to alleviate the complications of prematurity. However, recent evidence suggests that the effect of preterm birth goes beyond the impact on the future health of both the mother and her offspring as well as the specific delivery in which preterm delivery has occurred. This book focuses on the risk factors, perinatal outcomes, and long-term consequences of this critical problem.

high-risk pregnancy --- shortened cervix --- microbiome --- Lactobacillus --- perinatal mortality --- preeclampsia --- pregnancy complications --- preterm birth --- preterm delivery --- small for gestational age --- extreme preterm birth --- placental abruption --- prematurity --- neurological --- pediatric --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- neurologic morbidity --- offspring --- preterm labor --- high-risk patients --- ultrasound --- elastography --- metalloproteinases --- MMP-8 --- MMP-9 --- risk factors --- prevention --- 17-OHPC --- micronized progesterone --- perinatal outcomes --- recommendations --- antenatal corticosteroids --- betamethasone --- preterm infant --- mortality --- respiratory distress syndrome --- gestational age --- threshold --- respiratory morbidity --- pediatric hospitalization --- Apgar score --- neurological morbidities --- long-term follow-up --- population-based study --- retrospective cohort --- ophthalmic morbidities --- retinopathy of prematurity --- n/a

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This reprint contains articles from the Special Issue of Animals “Housing Environment and Farm Animals' Well-Being”, including original research, review, and communication related to livestock and poultry environmental management, air quality control, emissions mitigation, and assessment of animal health and well-being.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- broiler production --- alternative flooring --- ammonia emissions --- animal welfare --- environmental impact --- air pollution control --- air quality --- volatile organic compounds --- odor --- environmental technology --- advanced oxidation --- UV --- thermal index --- sows --- environmental parameters --- heat stress threshold --- skin temperature --- temperature and humidity index --- black globe-humidity index --- effective temperature --- equivalent temperature index for sows --- enthalpy --- group housing system --- individual stall --- behavior --- stress hormone --- offspring --- gestating sows --- weaned piglets --- cold exposure --- growth performance --- skeletal muscle fiber --- antioxidant capacity --- dairy cattle --- heat stress --- airborne E. coli --- settled E. coli --- survivability --- airborne transmission --- poultry --- heavy broiler --- surface temperature --- air velocity --- temperature humidity index --- alternative housing --- body temperature --- bone quality --- relative brain weight --- welfare --- pullet status --- housing type --- environmental management --- livestock monitoring --- camera coverage optimization --- sensor placement --- genetic algorithm