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When you train a telescope on outer space, you can see luminous galaxies, nebulae, stars, and planets. But if you add all that together, it constitutes only 15 percent of the matter in the universe. Despite decades of research, the nature of the remaining 85 percent is unknown. We call it dark matter.Physicists have devised huge, sensitive instruments to search for dark matter, which may be unlike anything else in the cosmos—some unknown elementary particle. Yet so far dark matter has escaped every experiment. It is so elusive that some scientists are beginning to suspect there might be something wrong with our theories about gravity or with the current paradigms of cosmology. Govert Schilling interviews believers and heretics and paints a colorful picture of the history and current status of dark matter research. The Elephant in the Universe is a vivid tale of scientists puzzling their way toward the true nature of the universe.

Dark matter (Astronomy) --- Cosmology --- Matière noire (astronomie) --- Cosmologie --- History. --- Histoire.

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Le plateau nord-ouest de la Mer Noire a fait face à une eutrophisation croissante depuis 1960, engendrant un phénomène d’hypoxie saisonnière et une dégradation de l’écosystème. Dans les années 90, des mesures de protection de la Mer Noire ont permis une diminution de ces impacts anthropiques et une lente amélioration des conditions environnementales. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier de manière qualitative l’amélioration de l’environnement entre 1995 et 2010 selon une approche fonctionnelle basée sur les traits des espèces benthiques caractérisant leur potentiel de bioindicateurs. Cinq traits biologiques indicateurs de changements environnementaux ont été estimés pour les espèces dominantes en biomasse. Différentes méthodes statistiques d’ordination et de clustering ont été utilisées afin d’identifier différents groupes de sensibilité présents dans la zone d’étude ces 25 dernières années. Une comparaison qualitative des groupes présents, de diversité fonctionnelle, de variation spatiale et de composition fonctionnelles des sites aux deux périodes a mis en évidence des différences entre les deux périodes. La période de 1995 est caractérisée par une ségrégation spatiale de la sensibilité des espèces tandis que la période de 2010 est plus homogène suggérant une amélioration de l’environnement en 2010. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence la restauration de groupes d’espèces plus sensibles en 2010. The northwestern Black Sea shelf has faced increasing eutrophication since 1960, causing seasonal hypoxia and ecosystem degradation. In the 1990s, measures to protect the Black Sea led to a reduction in these anthropogenic impacts and a slow improvement in environmental conditions. The objective of this work is to qualitatively study the improvement of the environment between 1995 and 2010 using a functional approach based on the traits of benthic species characterizing their potential as bioindicators. Five biological traits indicative of environmental changes were estimated for the dominant species. Different statistical ordination and clustering methods were used to identify different sensitivity groups occurring in the study area over the past 25 years. A qualitative comparison of the groups' presence, functional diversity, spatial variation and functional composition of the sites at the two periods highlighted the differences between the two periods. The period of 1995 is characterized by spatial segregation of the sensitivity of the species while the period of 2010 is more homogeneous suggesting an improvement of the environment in 2010. The results also highlighted the restoration of groups of more sensitive species in 2010.

Traits --- Black Sea --- BTA --- Functional diversity --- macrobenthos --- Mer Noire --- Traits --- BTA --- Diversité fonctionnelle --- macrobenthos --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences aquatiques & océanologie

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Exploring the art and life of this important American artist whose work bridged the gaps between abstraction, feminism, and Blackness, Howardena Pindell: Reclaiming Abstraction is a fascinating examination of the multifaceted career of artist, activist, curator, and writer Howardena Pindell (b. 1943). It offers a fresh perspective on her abstract practice from the late 1960s through the early 1980s--a period in which debates about Black Power, feminism, and modernist abstraction intersected in uniquely contentious yet generative ways. Sarah Louise Cowan not only asserts Pindell's rightful place within the canon but also recenters dominant historical narratives to reveal the profound and overlooked roles that Black women artists have played in shaping modernist abstraction. Pindell's career acts as a springboard for a broader study of how artists have responded during periods of heightened social activism and used abstraction to convey political urgency. With works that drew on Ghanaian textiles, administrative labor, cosmetics, and postminimalism, Pindell deployed abstraction in deeply personal ways that resonated with collective African diasporic and women's practices. In her groundbreaking analysis, Cowan argues that such work advanced Black feminist modernisms, diverse creative practices that unsettle racist and sexist logics.

African American women artists --- Mixed media (Art) --- Art, Modern --- Art, Abstract --- African American aesthetics --- Black people in art --- Women, Black --- Black people --- Feminism in art --- Femmes artistes noires américaines --- Technique mixte (Art) --- Art --- Esthétique noire américaine --- Personnes noires dans l'art --- Femmes noires --- Personnes noires --- Féminisme dans l'art --- ART / American / African American & Black. --- Criticism and interpretation. --- History and criticism --- Race identity --- Critique et interprétation. --- Histoire et critique --- Identité ethnique --- Pindell, Howardena, --- 2000-2099 --- United States

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Ethnoarchaeology, the study of material culture in a living society by archaeologists, facilitates the extraction of information from prehistoric materials as well. Studies of contemporary pottery-making were initiated in the southwestern United States toward the end of the nineteenth century, then abandoned as a result of changes in archaeological theory. Now a resurgence in ethnoarchaeology over the past twenty-five years offers a new set of directions for the discipline. This volume presents the results of such work with pottery, a class of materials that occurs abundantly in many archaeological sites. Drawing on projects undertaken around the world, in the Phillipines, East Africa, Mesoamerica, India, in both traditional and complex societies, the contributors focus on identifying social and behavioral sources of ceramic variation to show how analogical reasoning is fundamental to archaeological interpretation. As the number of pottery-making societies declines, opportunities for such research must be seized. By bringing together a variety of ceramic ethnoarchaeological analyses, this volume offers the profession a much-needed touchstone on method and theory for the study of pottery-making among living peoples.

Ethnoarchaeology --- Congresses --- Pottery --- Analysis --- Congresses. --- Ethnoarcheologie --- Ceramique --- Keramiek. --- Etnoarcheologie. --- Ethnoarchaeology. --- Congres. --- Analysis. --- Analyse --- Ceramic art --- Ceramics (Art) --- Chinaware --- Crockery --- Earthenware --- Pottery, Primitive --- Ceramics --- Decorative arts --- House furnishings --- Firing (Ceramics) --- Saggers --- Ethnic archaeology --- Ethnicity in archaeology --- Ethnology in archaeology --- Archaeology --- Ethnology --- Social archaeology --- Art céramique --- Céramique d'art --- Céramique domestique --- Céramiques --- Contribution à la céramique --- Oeuvres --- Poterie --- Poteries --- Céramique --- Céramique industrielle --- Céramistes --- Fours à céramique --- Moules céramiques --- Sculpture en céramique --- Tours de potiers --- Barbotine (céramique) --- Biscuit (céramique) --- Céladon --- Céramique antique --- Céramique architecturale --- Céramique d'artistes --- Céramique de la Renaissance --- Céramique en décoration intérieure --- Céramique lustrée --- Céramique médiévale --- Céramique noire --- Céramique préhistorique --- Céramique vernissée --- Engobes --- Faïence --- Grès (céramique) --- Porcelaine --- Sifflet de céramique --- Terres cuites --- Vaisselle en céramique --- Arts du feu --- Archéologie et ethnologie --- Ethnologie archéologique --- Anthropologie historique --- Archéologie sociale --- Société préhistorique --- Archéologie --- Ethnologie --- Methodology --- Décoration --- Industrie et commerce --- Marques --- Marques de propriété --- Technique --- [Localisations géographiques] --- Méthodologie --- Society & culture: general --- Archéologie communautaire --- Ethnoarchéologie

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In 1346, a catastrophic plague beset Europe and its neighbours. The Black Death was a human tragedy that abruptly halved entire populations and caused untold suffering, but it also brought about a cultural and economic renewal on a scale never before witnessed. The World the Plague Made is a panoramic history of how the bubonic plague revolutionized labour, trade, and technology and set the stage for Europe's global expansion.0James Belich takes readers across centuries and continents to shed new light on one of history's greatest paradoxes. Why did Europe's dramatic rise begin in the wake of the Black Death? Belich shows how plague doubled the per capita endowment of everything even as it decimated the population. Many more people had disposable incomes. Demand grew for silks, sugar, spices, furs, gold, and slaves. Europe expanded to satisfy that demand-and plague provided the means. Labour scarcity drove more use of waterpower, wind power, and gunpowder. Technologies like water-powered blast furnaces, heavily gunned galleons, and musketry were fast-tracked by plague. A new "crew culture" of "disposable males" emerged to man the guns and galleons.0Setting the rise of Western Europe in global context, Belich demonstrates how the mighty empires of the Middle East and Russia also flourished after the plague, and how European expansion was deeply entangled with the Chinese and other peoples throughout the world.

Black Death. --- 476-1492. --- Europe --- Europe. --- History --- History of Europe --- anno 1300-1399 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Epidemics --- Medicine, Medieval --- Plague --- Peste noire. --- 476-1492 --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Abolitionism. --- Adultery. --- Amor Vincit Omnia (Caravaggio). --- Antonine Plague. --- Black rat. --- Bribery. --- Bruges. --- Bubonic plague. --- Burnt Norton. --- Child mortality. --- Cinque Ports. --- Civil war. --- Colonialism. --- Communism. --- Contraband. --- Coromandel Coast. --- Corruption in India. --- Cossack host. --- Death. --- Debasement. --- Devaluation. --- Disaster. --- Disease. --- Edward VIII. --- Enfilade and defilade. --- Epidemic. --- Euboea. --- Eunuch. --- Eurasia. --- Extortion. --- Funeral Blues. --- Greek tragedy. --- Habitat destruction. --- Harry Ransom Center. --- Idiosyncrasy. --- Indian Ocean. --- Industrialisation. --- Infection. --- Inflation. --- Influenza. --- Institution. --- Journey to a War. --- London. --- Lübeck. --- Maghreb. --- Malaria. --- Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo). --- Mamluk. --- Marxism. --- Massacre of the Innocents. --- Measles. --- Mortal sin. --- Mughal Empire. --- Muhammad. --- Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Outbreak. --- Pamphlet. --- Pandemic. --- Pathogen. --- Peasant. --- Persecution. --- Phrygia. --- Plague (disease). --- Plague of Justinian. --- Plague pit. --- Pneumonic plague. --- Poetry. --- Pogrom. --- Postal order. --- Privateer. --- Racism. --- Robin Skelton. --- Rodent. --- Safavid dynasty. --- Sapping. --- Second plague pandemic. --- Serfdom. --- Ship. --- Slash-and-burn. --- Smallpox. --- Smuggling. --- Spice trade. --- Stanza. --- Stephen Spender. --- Sumptuary law. --- Sylvatic plague. --- The Bacchae. --- Triangular trade. --- Typhoid fever. --- Typhus. --- Typographical error. --- War of succession. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World War I. --- World history. --- Yellow fever. --- Yersinia pestis.