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Metals are necessary to maintaining living standards in modern society, due to their countless applications in transportation, building and construction, household appliances, electronic devices, etc. Therefore, humans' generation and consumption of metals is considerable, and demand is projected to skyrocket continuously as technology advances. Unfortunately, easily exploitable ore deposits have been depleted, which forces mining industries to develop complex ore deposits with low-grade and fine grain sizes to meet the high forecasted demand for metals. In general, metals can be extracted from ores in two ways; either by the concentration of valuable minerals via flotation followed by smelting, or by direct extraction of metals from ores via leaching followed by purification and recovery processes. The first stages in each scenario, flotation and leaching are, therefore, of crucial importance to ensuring the continued supply of metals. This book is a compilation of a Special Issue of Metals, entitled "Advances in Selective Flotation and Leaching Process in Metallurgy", where 12 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Special Issue cover a wide range of topics, including flotation, microencapsulation, agglomeration, leaching, solvent extraction, electrowinning, precipitation, and cementation. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to the readers of Metals.

Metallurgy.

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Metals are necessary to maintaining living standards in modern society, due to their countless applications in transportation, building and construction, household appliances, electronic devices, etc. Therefore, humans' generation and consumption of metals is considerable, and demand is projected to skyrocket continuously as technology advances. Unfortunately, easily exploitable ore deposits have been depleted, which forces mining industries to develop complex ore deposits with low-grade and fine grain sizes to meet the high forecasted demand for metals. In general, metals can be extracted from ores in two ways; either by the concentration of valuable minerals via flotation followed by smelting, or by direct extraction of metals from ores via leaching followed by purification and recovery processes. The first stages in each scenario, flotation and leaching are, therefore, of crucial importance to ensuring the continued supply of metals. This book is a compilation of a Special Issue of Metals, entitled "Advances in Selective Flotation and Leaching Process in Metallurgy", where 12 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Special Issue cover a wide range of topics, including flotation, microencapsulation, agglomeration, leaching, solvent extraction, electrowinning, precipitation, and cementation. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to the readers of Metals.

Metallurgy.

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Boron is a chemical element with three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds. Doping/integration of boron atoms into other atoms provides new wonder materials with unique physical, chemical, and electrical properties. This book provides an overview of the research and developments of boron-based materials such as boron nitride, boron clusters, boron doping, boron compounds, and so on. Chapters cover all aspects of boron-based materials including theoretical backgrounds of structure and properties, computer simulation, synthesis techniques, device fabrication, characterizations, and current state-of-the-art applications.

Metallurgy. --- Physical metallurgy.

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Boron is a chemical element with three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds. Doping/integration of boron atoms into other atoms provides new wonder materials with unique physical, chemical, and electrical properties. This book provides an overview of the research and developments of boron-based materials such as boron nitride, boron clusters, boron doping, boron compounds, and so on. Chapters cover all aspects of boron-based materials including theoretical backgrounds of structure and properties, computer simulation, synthesis techniques, device fabrication, characterizations, and current state-of-the-art applications.

Metallurgy. --- Physical metallurgy.

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This book highlights recent research progress in lead (Pb)-free solder technology, focusing on materials development, processing, and performances. It discusses various Pb-free solder materials' development, encompassing composite solders, transient liquid phase sintering, and alloying. The book also details various Pb-free solder technology processing and performances, including flux modification for soldering, laser soldering, wave soldering, and reflow soldering, while also examining multiple technologies pertaining to the rigid and flexible printed circuit board (PCB). Some chapters explain the materials characterization and modeling techniques using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This book serves as a valuable reference for researchers, industries, and stakeholders in advanced microelectronic packaging, emerging interconnection technology, and those working on Pb-free solder.

Metallurgy --- metalen