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Among gluten-related disorders, coeliac disease (CD) is the best-known one to date, a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is a common disease, occurring at all ages and characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, affecting any organ or tissue. The diagnosis rate of this pathology has increased in the last 10 years, so worldwide epidemiologic data are now available that show that CD is ubiquitous, with a prevalence of 1.4%, higher in female than male individuals. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is strict and lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, CD research is changing rapidly due to the continuous advancing of knowledge. For this reason, the main goal of this Special Issue has been to address the existing knowledge gaps and help advance such important aspects as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic options of this pathology. This Special Issue includes 12 peer-reviewed articles reporting on the latest research findings in and evidence related to CD. The published articles cover a range of topics central to CD and GFDs.

Medicine --- celiac disease --- relatives --- microbiota --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- Pseudomonas fluorescens --- Bacteroides caccae --- coeliac disease --- oral diseases --- oral prevention --- gingival bleeding --- sleep-related breathing disorders --- oral health --- enamel defects --- interceptive orthodontics --- data mining gluten free diet --- gluten proteins --- immunogenicity --- evidence-based practice --- case management --- treatment adherence and compliance --- anemia --- iron transporter --- IgA nephropathy --- tissue transglutaminase autoantibody --- tissue transglutaminase-targeted IgA deposits --- flow cytometry --- age --- sex --- lesion grade --- intraepithelial lymphocytes TCRγδ+ --- functional bowel disease --- gluten-free diet --- tissue biomarkers --- non-coeliac gluten sensitivity --- FODMAP diet --- dietitian --- rural health services --- gluten --- gliadin --- gluten immunogenic peptides --- non-dietary therapies --- gluten cross-contaminations --- dietary adherence --- vital gluten --- oat --- hidden gluten --- patients with CD --- symptoms --- gluten excretion urine --- gluten-free diet monitoring --- n/a

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Radiomics is one of the most successful branches of research in the field of image processing and analysis, as it provides valuable quantitative information for the personalized medicine. It has the potential to discover features of the disease that cannot be appreciated with the naked eye in both preclinical and clinical studies. In general, all quantitative approaches based on biomedical images, such as positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have a positive clinical impact in the detection of biological processes and diseases as well as in predicting response to treatment. This Special Issue, “Image Processing and Analysis for Preclinical and Clinical Applications”, addresses some gaps in this field to improve the quality of research in the clinical and preclinical environment. It consists of fourteen peer-reviewed papers covering a range of topics and applications related to biomedical image processing and analysis.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- deep learning --- segmentation --- prostate --- MRI --- ENet --- UNet --- ERFNet --- radiomics --- gamma knife --- imaging quantification --- [11C]-methionine positron emission tomography --- cancer --- atrial fibrillation --- 4D-flow --- stasis --- pulmonary vein ablation --- convolutional neural network --- transfer learning --- maxillofacial fractures --- computed tomography images --- radiography --- xenotransplant --- cancer cells --- zebrafish image analysis --- in vivo assay --- convolutional neural network (CNN) --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) --- pathologic complete response (pCR) --- rectal cancer --- radiomics feature robustness --- PET/MRI co-registration --- image registration --- fundus image --- feature extraction --- glomerular filtration rate --- Gate’s method --- renal depth --- computed tomography --- computer-aided diagnosis --- medical-image analysis --- automated prostate-volume estimation --- abdominal ultrasound images --- image-patch voting --- soft tissue sarcoma --- volume estimation --- artificial intelligence --- Basal Cell Carcinoma --- skin lesion --- classification --- colon --- positron emission tomography-computed tomography --- nuclear medicine --- image pre-processing --- high-level synthesis --- X-ray pre-processing --- pipelined architecture --- n/a --- Gate's method

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Nowadays, we use the term “modern endodontics” thanks to new technologies, novel materials, and revolutionary techniques. Various equipment is available to facilitate and improve our endodontic treatments, such as operating microscopes, ultrasounds, lasers, modern alloys for rotary files, powerful irrigation systems, new materials for filling root canals, 3D radiology, and several more. With the aid of the previously mentioned advances, complex endodontic treatments can be carried out safely, hence guaranteeing patients a high level of care and, above all, saving teeth that would otherwise be doomed for extraction. General practitioners and, even more importantly, specialists in endodontics should implement these modern technologies in their practice. This Special Issue will focus on modern endodontics regarding all the recent updates. Full papers of original articles, short communications, and review articles are all invited.

meta-analysis --- root canal filling --- postoperative pain --- bioceramic sealer --- analgesic intake --- flare-up --- endodontics --- cyclic fatigue --- cross-section design --- NiTi --- continuous rotation --- energy-dispersive X-ray --- apical plug --- BioRoot RCS --- micro-computed tomography --- MTA Flow --- porosity --- root perforation --- single cone --- ultrasonic --- endodontic rotary files --- finite element analysis --- fatigue analysis --- pediatric dentistry --- oral health --- dental medicine --- systematic review --- umbrella review --- endodontic reciprocating file --- micro-computed tomography scan --- root canal dentin removal --- primary molar teeth --- pulpotomy --- pulpitis --- toothache --- treatment outcome --- tricalcium silicate --- accuracy --- computed-assisted template --- computer-aided static navigation --- cone-beam computed tomography scan --- digital impression --- tooth autotransplantation --- endodontic surgery --- periapical lesion --- guided tissue regeneration --- bone graft --- membrane --- platelet rich fibrin --- nanodroplets --- confocal laser microscope --- benzalkonium chloride --- chlorhexidine --- sodium hypochlorite --- viability staining --- dental anatomy --- dental pulp --- dental diagnostic imaging --- morphology --- Micro-CT --- root --- root canal --- n/a --- endodontic file --- cross-section --- pitch --- flexural bending --- torsion --- stress distribution --- endodontic rotary file --- reciprocating --- speed --- resistance --- apexification --- endodontic therapy --- immature permanent tooth --- pulp --- regeneration

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Radiomics is one of the most successful branches of research in the field of image processing and analysis, as it provides valuable quantitative information for the personalized medicine. It has the potential to discover features of the disease that cannot be appreciated with the naked eye in both preclinical and clinical studies. In general, all quantitative approaches based on biomedical images, such as positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have a positive clinical impact in the detection of biological processes and diseases as well as in predicting response to treatment. This Special Issue, “Image Processing and Analysis for Preclinical and Clinical Applications”, addresses some gaps in this field to improve the quality of research in the clinical and preclinical environment. It consists of fourteen peer-reviewed papers covering a range of topics and applications related to biomedical image processing and analysis.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- deep learning --- segmentation --- prostate --- MRI --- ENet --- UNet --- ERFNet --- radiomics --- gamma knife --- imaging quantification --- [11C]-methionine positron emission tomography --- cancer --- atrial fibrillation --- 4D-flow --- stasis --- pulmonary vein ablation --- convolutional neural network --- transfer learning --- maxillofacial fractures --- computed tomography images --- radiography --- xenotransplant --- cancer cells --- zebrafish image analysis --- in vivo assay --- convolutional neural network (CNN) --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) --- pathologic complete response (pCR) --- rectal cancer --- radiomics feature robustness --- PET/MRI co-registration --- image registration --- fundus image --- feature extraction --- glomerular filtration rate --- Gate's method --- renal depth --- computed tomography --- computer-aided diagnosis --- medical-image analysis --- automated prostate-volume estimation --- abdominal ultrasound images --- image-patch voting --- soft tissue sarcoma --- volume estimation --- artificial intelligence --- Basal Cell Carcinoma --- skin lesion --- classification --- colon --- positron emission tomography-computed tomography --- nuclear medicine --- image pre-processing --- high-level synthesis --- X-ray pre-processing --- pipelined architecture --- deep learning --- segmentation --- prostate --- MRI --- ENet --- UNet --- ERFNet --- radiomics --- gamma knife --- imaging quantification --- [11C]-methionine positron emission tomography --- cancer --- atrial fibrillation --- 4D-flow --- stasis --- pulmonary vein ablation --- convolutional neural network --- transfer learning --- maxillofacial fractures --- computed tomography images --- radiography --- xenotransplant --- cancer cells --- zebrafish image analysis --- in vivo assay --- convolutional neural network (CNN) --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) --- pathologic complete response (pCR) --- rectal cancer --- radiomics feature robustness --- PET/MRI co-registration --- image registration --- fundus image --- feature extraction --- glomerular filtration rate --- Gate's method --- renal depth --- computed tomography --- computer-aided diagnosis --- medical-image analysis --- automated prostate-volume estimation --- abdominal ultrasound images --- image-patch voting --- soft tissue sarcoma --- volume estimation --- artificial intelligence --- Basal Cell Carcinoma --- skin lesion --- classification --- colon --- positron emission tomography-computed tomography --- nuclear medicine --- image pre-processing --- high-level synthesis --- X-ray pre-processing --- pipelined architecture

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Cancer of the urological sphere is a disease continuously increasing in numbers in the statistics of tumor malignancies in Western countries. Although this fact is mainly due to the contemporary increase of life expectancy of the people in these geographic areas, many other factors do contribute as well to this growth. Urological cancer is a complex and varied disease of different organs and mainly affects the male population. In fact, kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer are regularly included in the top-ten list of the most frequent neoplasms in males in most statistics. The female population, however, has also increasingly found itself affected by renal and bladder cancer in the last decade. Considering these altogether, urological cancer is a problem of major concern in developed societies. This Topic Issue of Cancers intends to shed some light into the complexity of this field and will consider all useful and appropriate contributions that scientists and clinicians may provide to improve urological cancer knowledge for patients’ benefit. The precise identification of the molecular routes involved, the diagnostic pathological criteria in the grey zones, the dilemma of T1G3 management, and the possible treatment options between superficial, nonmuscle-invasive and muscle-invasive diseases will be particularly welcomed in this Issue.

Research. --- Chemistry. --- bladder cancer --- radiotherapy --- radiosensitisation --- molecular subtypes --- preclinical studies --- bladder cancer cell lines --- latent cancer --- prostate cancer --- autopsy --- prognostic index --- prediction model --- mortality --- screening trial --- renal cell carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- prostatic neoplasms --- positron-emission tomography --- decision making --- tumor thrombus --- metastasectomy --- postoperative complications --- oncological outcomes --- radical cystectomy --- AHNAK2 --- prognosis --- dog --- comparative oncology --- inflammation --- prostatic atrophy --- preneoplastic lesion --- biomarker --- urine --- machine learning --- TRIPOD --- liquid biopsy --- glutaminase --- immunohistochemistry --- in situ methods --- prostate --- PSMA-RLT --- 177Lu-PSMA --- PSA --- mCRPC --- urinary bladder neoplasms --- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) --- immunotherapy --- divergent differentiation --- variant morphology --- survival --- stereotactic body radiotherapy --- frail patients --- cancer --- metastasis --- genomic analysis --- microenvironment --- tumor ecology --- game theory --- fluorescence confocal microscopy --- prostate biopsy --- ablation margins --- focal therapy --- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 --- bladder carcinoma --- cell migration --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- FTY-720 --- OIP5 --- papillary renal cell carcinoma --- PLK1 --- tumorigenesis --- therapy --- image-guided --- magnetic resonance imaging --- ultrasonography --- biopsy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- docetaxel --- novel hormonal therapies --- comparative effectiveness --- real-world treatment pattern --- metastatic prostate cancer --- epiplakin --- diagnosis --- advanced urothelial carcinoma --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- prognostic --- tumour mutational board --- genomic signatures --- ctDNA --- inflammatory indices --- urothelial carcinoma --- frailty --- prognostic factor --- psoas muscle --- Hounsfield units --- bladder cancer --- radiotherapy --- radiosensitisation --- molecular subtypes --- preclinical studies --- bladder cancer cell lines --- latent cancer --- prostate cancer --- autopsy --- prognostic index --- prediction model --- mortality --- screening trial --- renal cell carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- prostatic neoplasms --- positron-emission tomography --- decision making --- tumor thrombus --- metastasectomy --- postoperative complications --- oncological outcomes --- radical cystectomy --- AHNAK2 --- prognosis --- dog --- comparative oncology --- inflammation --- prostatic atrophy --- preneoplastic lesion --- biomarker --- urine --- machine learning --- TRIPOD --- liquid biopsy --- glutaminase --- immunohistochemistry --- in situ methods --- prostate --- PSMA-RLT --- 177Lu-PSMA --- PSA --- mCRPC --- urinary bladder neoplasms --- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) --- immunotherapy --- divergent differentiation --- variant morphology --- survival --- stereotactic body radiotherapy --- frail patients --- cancer --- metastasis --- genomic analysis --- microenvironment --- tumor ecology --- game theory --- fluorescence confocal microscopy --- prostate biopsy --- ablation margins --- focal therapy --- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 --- bladder carcinoma --- cell migration --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- FTY-720 --- OIP5 --- papillary renal cell carcinoma --- PLK1 --- tumorigenesis --- therapy --- image-guided --- magnetic resonance imaging --- ultrasonography --- biopsy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- docetaxel --- novel hormonal therapies --- comparative effectiveness --- real-world treatment pattern --- metastatic prostate cancer --- epiplakin --- diagnosis --- advanced urothelial carcinoma --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- prognostic --- tumour mutational board --- genomic signatures --- ctDNA --- inflammatory indices --- urothelial carcinoma --- frailty --- prognostic factor --- psoas muscle --- Hounsfield units