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Survivors tells the harrowing story of life in Warsaw under Nazi occupation. As the epicenter of Polish resistance, Warsaw was subjected to violent persecution, the ghettoization of the city's Jewish community, the suppression of multiple uprisings, and an avalanche of restrictions that killed hundreds of thousands and destroyed countless lives. In this study into the unique brutality of wartime Warsaw, Jadwiga Biskupska traces how Nazi Germany set out to dismantle the Polish nation and state for long-term occupation by targeting its intelligentsia. She explores how myriad resistance projects emerged within the intelligentsia who were bent on maintaining national traditions and rebuilding a Polish state. In contrast to other studies on the Holocaust and Second World War, this book focuses on Polish behavior and explains who was in a position to contest the occupation or collaborate with it, while answering lingering questions and addressing controversies about the Nazi empire and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe.

World War, 1939-1945 --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Underground movements --- Warsaw (Poland) --- Poland --- History --- Warszawa (Poland) --- Varsovie (Poland) --- Warschau (Poland) --- Varshah (Poland) --- Varsovia (Poland) --- Varshava (Poland) --- Fārṣūfyā (Poland) --- Fārshāfā (Poland) --- Varsavia (Poland) --- Ṿarshe (Poland) --- Ṿarsha (Poland) --- Varsovio (Poland) --- Capital City of Warsaw (Poland) --- Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa (Poland) --- Warszewa (Poland) --- Warszowa (Poland) --- Poland. --- Poyln --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹsha --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Pologne --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polonia --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Polska --- Polsko --- T︠S︡arstvo Polʹskoe --- Królestwo Polskie --- Polʹskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- PNR --- PRL --- Poljska --- Lehastan --- Polin --- Būlūniyā --- Polonyah --- République populaire de Pologne --- Polen --- Ppolsŭkka --- Polish People's Republic --- Republic of Poland --- Poland (Territory under German occupation, 1939-1945) --- Generalgouvernement (Poland) --- Generalne Gubernatorstwo (Poland) --- General Government (Poland) --- Heneralʹna hubernii︠a︡ (Poland) --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Polish Republic --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Kongresówka --- Kingdom of Poland --- Lahistān --- لهستان --- Polandia --- Полшэ --- Polshė --- Pole --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Polaland --- Polisce Cynewise --- Полша --- Полониа --- بولندا --- Būlandā --- Polóña --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- Польша --- Puluña --- Ripublika Puluña --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Pulandia --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Польшча --- Polʹshcha --- Рэспубліка Польшча --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Polonya --- Република Полша --- Republika Polsha --- Poin --- Republika Poljska --- Польшо --- Polʹsho --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Polská republika --- Polaki --- Gwlad Pwyl --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Republikken Polen --- Republik Polen --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Πολωνία --- Pulógna --- Польша Мастор --- Polʹsha Mastor --- República de Polonia --- Pollando --- Respubliko Pollando --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Pólland --- République de Pologne --- Poalen --- Poloonya --- Polonie --- An Pholainn --- Pholainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Yn Pholynn --- Pholynn --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- A' Phòlainn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Borandi --- Pô-làn --- Польшин Орн --- Polʹshin Orn --- 폴란드 --- P'ollandŭ --- Pōlani --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Польшæ --- Polʹshæ --- Польшæйы Республикæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- Repubblica di Polonia --- פולין --- רפובליקת פולין --- Republiḳat Polin --- Poleni --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Poloni --- Polonye --- Polòy --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Polsca --- Republica de Polsca --- Pol'šu --- Polskas --- Bupoolo --- Bupolska --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Lengyelország --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories --- Lithuania (Grand Duchy)

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Mit der polnischen Romantik verbindet sich ein Paradigma der 'Tat', das den Freiheitskampf und die aufstandische Tradition Polens im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert grundlegend pragte. In Debatten uber nationale Identitat und in politischen Polemiken wirkt es bis heute nach.Die neuere polnische Literaturwissenschaft hat dieses nationale Dispositiv der Romantik immer wieder als Risiko fur die geistige und kunstlerische Eigenstandigkeit der Literatur beschrieben. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zum Zeitraum zwischen 1848 und 1945 entzieht sich sowohl einem (politischen) Werturteil uber den Aktivismus als auch einer Reduktion der Literatur auf ihre mobilisierende Funktion. In drei Fallgeschichten wird stattdessen das poetische Potential des Aktivismus selbst ausgelotet: Die Poetiken des Dichters Cyprian Norwid (1821-1883), des Kritikers, Philosophen und Romanschriftstellers Stanislaw Brzozowski (1878-1911) sowie der Untergrund-Literaturzeitschrift Sztuka i Narod (1942-1944) sichten die utopisch-aktivistischen Entwurfe der Romantik kritisch und entdecken sie als kunstlerische 'Handlungsspielraume' wieder. Die innovative Verschrankung von Poetik und Ideengeschichte ermoglicht dabei konzeptuelle Unterscheidungen und Verfeinerungen, die mit Blick auf aktivistische Kulturen der Gegenwart von hoher Aktualitat sind.

National characteristics. --- Romanticism. --- Poland. --- Pseudo-romanticism --- Romanticism in literature --- Aesthetics --- Fiction --- Literary movements --- Characteristics, National --- Identity, National --- Images, National --- National identity --- National images --- National psychology --- Psychology, National --- Anthropology --- Nationalism --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Ethnopsychology --- Exceptionalism --- Poyln --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹsha --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Pologne --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polonia --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Polska --- Polsko --- T︠S︡arstvo Polʹskoe --- Królestwo Polskie --- Polʹskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- PNR --- PRL --- Poljska --- Lehastan --- Polin --- Būlūniyā --- Polonyah --- République populaire de Pologne --- Polen --- Ppolsŭkka --- Polish People's Republic --- Republic of Poland --- Poland (Territory under German occupation, 1939-1945) --- Generalgouvernement (Poland) --- Generalne Gubernatorstwo (Poland) --- General Government (Poland) --- Heneralʹna hubernii︠a︡ (Poland) --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Polish Republic --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Kongresówka --- Kingdom of Poland --- Lahistān --- لهستان --- Polandia --- Полшэ --- Polshė --- Pole --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Polaland --- Polisce Cynewise --- Полша --- Полониа --- بولندا --- Būlandā --- Polóña --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- Польша --- Puluña --- Ripublika Puluña --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Pulandia --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Польшча --- Polʹshcha --- Рэспубліка Польшча --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Polonya --- Република Полша --- Republika Polsha --- Poin --- Republika Poljska --- Польшо --- Polʹsho --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Polská republika --- Polaki --- Gwlad Pwyl --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Republikken Polen --- Republik Polen --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Πολωνία --- Pulógna --- Польша Мастор --- Polʹsha Mastor --- República de Polonia --- Pollando --- Respubliko Pollando --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Pólland --- République de Pologne --- Poalen --- Poloonya --- Polonie --- An Pholainn --- Pholainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Yn Pholynn --- Pholynn --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- A' Phòlainn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Borandi --- Pô-làn --- Польшин Орн --- Polʹshin Orn --- 폴란드 --- P'ollandŭ --- Pōlani --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Польшæ --- Polʹshæ --- Польшæйы Республикæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- Repubblica di Polonia --- פולין --- רפובליקת פולין --- Republiḳat Polin --- Poleni --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Poloni --- Polonye --- Polòy --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Polsca --- Republica de Polsca --- Pol'šu --- Polskas --- Bupoolo --- Bupolska --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Lengyelország --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories --- Lithuania (Grand Duchy)