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Though the first decades of the twentieth century witnessed extensive U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs, the United States started to back away from overtly flexing its military muscle to gain power and control, instead using a type of "soft power" more in tune with the spirit of cooperation and collaboration. This new policy, often viewed as female attributes of Pan Americanism, opened the door for women to gain a foothold on the inter-American stage. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Pan American women's movements emerged with the founding of a variety of international organizations that began a worldwide campaign to improve women's lives. In A Hemisphere of Women E. Sue Wamsley analyzes the history of the Inter-American Commission of Women: the first all-female, government-affiliated body to deal specifically with women's civil and political rights in a transnational arena. She examines how women who had semi-official government roles worked within a neocolonial, male-dominated diplomatic setting to bring about change. U.S. women assumed that they would be the "natural" leaders, stereotyping their Latin American colleagues as unsophisticated and inexperienced. Party members quickly learned, however, that they had underestimated their Latin American sisters, who also had ideas about women's rights and how the campaign should be run. Utilizing the policy of "soft power," the women, with the help of Latin American officials, managed to work around cultural differences and define common goals rooted in the advancement of women's civil and political rights, giving hemispheric women a recognized position in shaping transnational gender law. Wamsley's innovative analysis at once addresses a void in scholarship and interweaves the history of Pan Americanism, foreign relations, and imperialism with that of women.
Women's rights --- History --- Inter-American Commission of Women. --- Inter-American Commission of Women
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Institutional cooperation. --- Inter-institutional cooperation --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Cooperation --- Management
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The crises we are going through call into question the models of society on which our priorities and actions are based. How can we regain the capacity to act for an ideal of social and ecological justice? How can How can we remobilise our senses and inhabit our territories with awareness and responsibility? Various avenues are being explored by the international community, States and civil society to make the relationship between social well-being and the state of the environment more explicit. But none of them seems to be able to really take root in the decision-making process. The commons deal with these relationships in a sensitive and reasoned way. This book is the result of 20 years of committed research and transdisciplinary thinking by a group of researchers involved in international cooperation with Southern countries (jurist, economist, modeller, sociologist, geographer, ecologist, agronomist, computer scientist). By simultaneously apprehending the needs of humans and non-humans, the common property approach to land and resources presented in this book invites us to identify and invest in the room for manoeuvre that will allow the diversity of users to assert their prerogatives and assume their duties. The proposed social innovation constitutes the crucible for the inclusion of non-humans in collectives that are instituted, if not sometimes institutionalised. The "actors of living together" thus acquire a capacity for analysis and commitment that they are obliged to make explicit; they mobilise tools and methods that facilitate collective action; and they seek to reach agreement in order to deal with uncertainties. The strengthening of social ties and the resulting ecological awareness are the driving force behind new projects for territories to be co-constructed based on a "shared experience" and a rethought governance. This book is intended for students, political and territorial actors, scientists, development operators, representatives of civil society, in a word, all the actors of the living together mobilized in front of the social and ecological emergency at the scale of the lived spaces.
Interregionalism. --- Inter-regional relations --- Interregional relations --- Transregional relations --- Transregionalism --- International relations --- Regionalism
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Institutional cooperation. --- Inter-institutional cooperation --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Cooperation --- Management --- Educació --- Cooperació --- Educació. --- Cooperativisme.
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Contexte : De nos jours, lorsque les enfants lisent des livres ou des manuels scolaires, ils sont bien souvent confrontés à des textes mis en page avec un espacement par défaut. Certains experts ont observé que cet espacement par défaut n’était pas toujours propice à tous les types de lecteurs et que certains avaient plus de facilité à lire des textes avec un espacement augmenté. De plus, durant la pandémie du COVID-21, les cours sont passés en virtuel pour un bon nombre d’enfants. Ils ont alors été confronté à un support visuel qu’ils ne connaissaient pas toujours et qui pouvait les plonger dans l’inconnu. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous interrogeons d’abord sur l’influence que l’espacement inter-lettres et inter-lignes peuvent avoir sur les différents indices de lecture chez les enfants de 2ème primaire. Ensuite, nous chercherons à savoir si un groupe de lecteurs semble bénéficier davantage de l’espacement par rapport à l’autre groupe. Pour finir, nous nous nous intéresserons à l’effet que le support peut avoir sur les indices de lecture chez les enfants de 2 ème primaire. Méthodologie : Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons constitué un échantillon de 50 enfants de 2ème primaire, possédant des niveaux de lecture différents. Diverses lectures de textes leur ont été administrées. Nous avons évalué leurs compétences en précision, en vitesse, en fluence et en compréhension à la lecture en fonction du type de lecteur, du type de support mais l’espacement inter-lignes et inter-lettres . Résultats et discussion : les résultats en lien avec notre première question de recherche nous ont permis d’affirmer qu’une augmentation de l’espacement permettait
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Governing the Americas presents the first systematic assessment of the functioning of hemispheric institutions since the introduction of the Summit of the Americas process in 1994. The authors evaluate the effectiveness of inter-American institutions with regard to core issues of democratic governance, security, trade, and economic development. They consider, as well, the impact of the profusion of multilateral institutions on the coordination and efficiency of hemispheric cooperation. Exploring why some multilateral efforts have worked while others have been more problematic, they also offer a reasoned assessment of the future of inter-American cooperation.
International agencies --- Pan-Americanism. --- Inter-American conferences. --- International American conferences --- Pan American conferences --- Pan-Americanism --- Inter-American cooperation --- Inter-American relations --- International cooperation --- Regionalism (International organization) --- Associations, International --- IGOs (Intergovernmental organizations) --- Institutions, International --- Inter-governmental organizations --- Intergovernmental organizations --- International administration --- International associations --- International governmental organizations --- International institutions --- International organizations --- International unions --- Organizations, International --- Specialized agencies of the United Nations --- Interorganizational relations --- Non-state actors (International relations) --- International organization
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Objectif : L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’évaluer la fidélité inter-juges de la grille d’évaluation des rencontres parents-enfants encadrées et semi-encadrées utilisée dans le guide méthodologique établi par Chartier et son équipe (2020) qui a pour but de fixer les modalités de rencontres entre les parents et leur enfant placé. Méthodologie : La grille d’évaluation des rencontres parents-enfants encadrées et semi-encadrées a été administrée par deux personnes (une assistante sociale, ou psychologue et une stagiaire en psychologie) après plusieurs droits de visites, les deux juges ont complété la grille sans se concerter après chaque droit de visite. L’échantillon compte soixante-huit droits de visites qui ont été évalués grâce à la grille au sein du service Familles d’accueil de Verviers, à la Sauvegarde familiale à Liège, à En Famille à Liège, à La Frenaie à Liège et au Home St François à Baelen et à Verviers. Résultats : Nous avons pu observer que la fidélité inter-juges mesurée grâce au coefficient Kappa de Cohen est insuffisante pour nous permettre de dire que la grille d’évaluation des rencontres parents-enfants encadrées et semi-encadrées est objective. En effet, le Kappa de Cohen global est de 0,330 ce qui signifie un accord global qualifié de mauvais entre les différents juges. Les Kappa catégoriels ont alors été calculés et il se fait que la fidélité inter-juges est bonne seulement pour deux items sur 73. Le Kappa de Cohen catégoriel global a été calculé en faisant la moyenne de tous les Kappa catégoriels et le résultat est de 0,288 ce qui signifie un accord global qualifié de mauvais entre les différents juges. Conclusion : Cette étude a permis de montrer que la fidélité inter-juges de la grille n’était pas suffisante. Néanmoins, celle-ci peut être modifiée au niveau des modalités de réponse, de la structure et du contenu des items. Ce mémoire a également permis de mettre en avant l’intérêt de l’outil. Nous espérons que des études futures valideront cet outil ainsi que les outils présents dans le guide méthodologique de Chartier (2020). Les études futures qui tenteraient d’évaluer la fidélité inter-juges de la grille après modifications devront tenter de contourner les limites présentes dans ce mémoire comme le biais créé par les cotateurs.
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This open access book deals with global sanitation, where SDG 6.2 sets a target of enabling access to sanitation services for all, but has not yet been achieved in low- and middle-income countries. The transition from the United Nations MDGs to the SDGs requires more consideration based on the socio-cultural aspects of global sanitation. In other words, equitable sanitation for those in vulnerable situations could be based on socio-cultural contexts. Sanitation is a system that comprises not only a latrine but also the works for the treatment and disposal of human waste. Sanitation systems do not function by themselves but have significance only through social management. The process of decision-making also largely depends on socio-cultural conditions, and the importance of sanitation needs to be socially acknowledged. The health benefits of sanitation improvement—among the significant contributions of sanitation—also need to be considered in the socio-cultural milieu. Further, the social-culture itself is affected, and potentially even created, by sanitation. In this context, more progress on the improvement of sanitation requires a more holistic approach across disciplines. In this book, we present the concept of the Sanitation Triangle, which considers the interconnections of health, materials, and socio-culture in sanitation, as a holistic approach, and the case studies based on the Sanitation Triangle by diverse disciplines such as Cultural Anthropology, Development Studies, Health Sciences, Engineering, and Science Communication. By the deep theoretical examinations and inter-dialogues between the different disciplines, this book explores the potentialities of inter-disciplinary studies on global sanitation.
Environmental medicine --- The environment --- Central government policies --- Sociology --- Environmental management --- Sanitation Triangle --- Inter-Disciplinary Approach --- Trans-Disciplinary Approach --- Co-Creation --- Open Access --- Environmental management. --- Sanitary engineering. --- Sanitation.
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Ethnic relations. --- Inter-ethnic relations --- Interethnic relations --- Relations among ethnic groups --- Acculturation --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Ethnic groups --- Ethnology --- Social problems --- Sociology --- Minorities --- Race relations
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Cross-cultural studies. --- International business enterprises --- Comparison of cultures --- Inter-cultural studies --- Intercultural studies --- Trans-cultural studies --- Transcultural studies --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Social sciences --- Methodology
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