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This volume celebrates the 30th anniversary of the first very-high energy (VHE) gamma-ray Source detection: the Crab Nebula, observed by the pioneering ground-based Cherenkov telescope Whipple, at teraelectronvolts (TeV) energies, in 1989. As we entered a new era in TeV astronomy, with the imminent start of operations of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) and new facilities such as LHAASO and the proposed Southern Wide-Field Gamma-ray Observatory (SWGO), we conceived of this volume as a broad reflection on how far we have evolved in the astrophysics topics that dominated the field of TeV astronomy for much of recent history.In the past two decades, H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS pushed the field of TeV astronomy, consolidating the field of TeV astrophysics, from few to hundreds of TeV emitters. Today, this is a mature field, covering almost every topic of modern astrophysics. TeV astrophysics is also at the center of the multi-messenger astrophysics revolution, as the extreme photon energies involved provide an effective probe in cosmic-ray acceleration, propagation and interaction, in dark matter and exotic physics searches. The improvement that CTA will carry forward and the fact that CTA will operate as the first open observatory in the field, mean that gamma-ray astronomy is about to enter a new precision and productive era.This book aims to serve as an introduction to the field and its state of the art, presenting a series of authoritative reviews on a broad range of topics in which TeV astronomy provided essential contributions, and where some of the most relevant questions for future research lie.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- gamma ray astronomy --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique --- TeV gamma-rays --- non-thermal radiation --- keV-TeV cosmic sources --- INTEGRAL legacy data base --- relativistic astrophysics --- gamma rays --- cosmic rays --- interstellar medium --- Milky Way --- galaxies --- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal --- high energy astrophysics --- background radiation --- photon–photon interaction --- pair production --- axion-like particles --- gamma-rays --- IACTs --- intergalactic magnetic fields --- high-energy gamma rays --- electromagnetic cascades --- pevatrons --- Galactic cosmic rays --- PeVatron --- Crab Nebula --- angular resolution --- energy spectral distribution --- γ-ray astronomy --- very-high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics --- astroparticle physics --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes --- Quantum Gravity --- Lorentz invariance violation --- time of flight --- modified photon interactions --- very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy --- open science --- data format --- multi-messenger --- real-time --- high-energy --- alerts --- very-high-energy γ-ray astronomy --- atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes --- source catalogues --- gamma-ray astronomy --- Cherenkov telescopes --- ISM: supernova remnants --- ISM: individual objects—Crab Nebula --- pulsars: general --- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal --- gamma rays: general --- acceleration of particles --- astrophysical plasmas --- MHD --- high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics --- Gamma-ray bursts --- non-thermal emission --- radiative processes --- very-high energy Gamma-rays --- statistical analysis --- likelihood --- bayes --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope --- IACT --- IACT technology --- very high energy gamma-ray telescope --- ground-based gamma-ray astrophysics --- n/a --- photon-photon interaction --- ISM: individual objects-Crab Nebula

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The galactic cosmic–ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the “direct detection” of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the “indirect detection” of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic–ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic–ray detection are reported.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The galactic cosmic–ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the “direct detection” of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the “indirect detection” of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic–ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic–ray detection are reported.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers --- cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers