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In the last century, the average life expectancy at birth increased from roughly 45 years in the early 1900s to more than 80 years of age at present. However, living longer is often related to different levels of frailty. There is no curative treatment for frailty—the interventions that have been described as effective to slow or delay the onset of frailty are physical activity and nutritional interventions. Maintaining adequate nutrition status is important to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, many of which are age-related. On the other hand, frailty itself may have a negative effect on eating and, thus, on the nutritional status. This Special Issue, "Nutrition, Diet Quality, Aging and Frailty", addresses the existing knowledge on nutrition regarding the causative factors of frailty and disease due to aging, i.e., strategies for delaying the pathological effects of aging. It consists of twelve peer-reviewed papers covering original research, protocol development, methodological studies, narrative or systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, to better understand these complex relationships.

Medicine --- diet --- metabolism --- nutrient --- glucose --- lipid --- insulin --- neuroinflammation --- Alzheimer’s disease --- anti-ageing --- eating habits --- functional foods --- skin ageing --- breakfast --- meals --- older adults --- protein intake --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- vitamin B deficiency --- amyloid beta-peptides --- disease models --- animal --- memory and learning tests --- dietary diversity --- activities of daily living --- cohort study --- adults --- mortality --- QOL --- ADL --- Serum albumin --- self-assessed chewing ability --- inflammaging --- cognitive impairment --- cytokines --- physical frailty --- aged --- dietary inflammatory index --- dietary patterns --- frailty --- inflammation --- muscle function --- muscle mass --- sarcopenia --- prevalence --- nutrition --- physical activity --- meta-analysis --- meta-regression --- dairy products --- dietary pattern --- malnutrition --- food groups --- Mediterranean dietary pattern --- Westernized dietary pattern --- cross-sectional study --- aging --- lifespan --- carbohydrates --- whole grain --- protein

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Over the last 100 years, the numerous advances in science, the improved sanitary conditions and a decline in poverty have led to an increase in life expectancy. As a result, in the coming years, the number of over-65s will triple, and the over-80s will be the fastest growing portion of the population.However, an increased lifespan is associated with an increase in chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, sarcopenia, and degenerative disorders. Therefore, ideally, increased lifespan should be associated to a better healthspan, which is the period one individual is living in good health.Based on evidence that aging is a multifaceted phenomenon, resulting from one or more failures at the molecular, cellular, physiologic, and functional levels, age-related diseases are difficult therapeutic targets.Data on the correlation between the quality of one’s diet and life expectancy, and the application of calorie restriction regimens, or of micronutrients, antioxidants and functional foods in the diet make nutrition, together with exercise, a natural weapon to combat age-related diseases and improve healthspan.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- community-dwelling --- elderly --- exercise --- frailty --- intervention --- multi-component --- nutrition education --- randomized controlled trial --- hyperglycemia --- anthocyanins --- endothelial dysfunction --- vasodilation --- energy intake --- memory impairment --- carbohydrates --- sugar --- older adults --- sarcopenia --- muscle mass --- muscle strength --- nutrition --- food frequency questionnaire --- dietary patterns --- reduced rank regression --- community-dwelling older people --- Mediterranean diet --- frailty index --- trajectory --- performance --- nutritional status --- vitamin D --- protein --- vitamin E --- tocotrienol --- metabolites --- obesity --- mice --- inflammation --- diet --- food consumption --- cognition --- cognitive domains --- MCI subtypes --- China --- telomere --- carbohydrate --- NHANES --- antioxidant --- legume --- potato --- seafood --- elderly people --- health --- non-communicable diseases --- malnutrition --- Mexico --- MNA --- MHAS --- healthy aging --- dietary diversity --- physical functional limitation --- comorbidity --- psychological stress --- food restriction --- gut hormones --- hypothalamic neuropeptides and obesity --- aging --- life-span --- health-span --- calorie restriction --- calorie restriction mimetic --- resveratrol --- experimental models --- inflammaging --- probiotics --- healthy older subjects --- dietary pattern --- food variety score --- preterm --- breast milk --- fortification --- neurodevelopment --- community-dwelling --- elderly --- exercise --- frailty --- intervention --- multi-component --- nutrition education --- randomized controlled trial --- hyperglycemia --- anthocyanins --- endothelial dysfunction --- vasodilation --- energy intake --- memory impairment --- carbohydrates --- sugar --- older adults --- sarcopenia --- muscle mass --- muscle strength --- nutrition --- food frequency questionnaire --- dietary patterns --- reduced rank regression --- community-dwelling older people --- Mediterranean diet --- frailty index --- trajectory --- performance --- nutritional status --- vitamin D --- protein --- vitamin E --- tocotrienol --- metabolites --- obesity --- mice --- inflammation --- diet --- food consumption --- cognition --- cognitive domains --- MCI subtypes --- China --- telomere --- carbohydrate --- NHANES --- antioxidant --- legume --- potato --- seafood --- elderly people --- health --- non-communicable diseases --- malnutrition --- Mexico --- MNA --- MHAS --- healthy aging --- dietary diversity --- physical functional limitation --- comorbidity --- psychological stress --- food restriction --- gut hormones --- hypothalamic neuropeptides and obesity --- aging --- life-span --- health-span --- calorie restriction --- calorie restriction mimetic --- resveratrol --- experimental models --- inflammaging --- probiotics --- healthy older subjects --- dietary pattern --- food variety score --- preterm --- breast milk --- fortification --- neurodevelopment

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Stroke is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Malnutrition is prevalent in stroke rehabilitation patients, and has serious negative effects on outcomes. In addition, there is growing interest in new concepts related to malnutrition, such as sarcopenia, frailty, cachexia, chronic inflammation, dysphagia, and oral problems, all of which contribute to a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to assess nutritional status early and, if needed, provide appropriate nutritional interventions to improve patient outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is strongly recommended in this setting; as such, high-quality clinical evidence regarding clinical nutrition in stroke rehabilitation is needed. This reprint updates our knowledge of clinical nutrition for stroke patients and includes interesting studies on topics including nutrition and weight management in the early stages of stroke, the relationship between frailty and improved physical function, weight gain by providing stored energy, physical activity and diet quality, L-carnitine and cognitive levels, and the prediction of stroke prognosis using temporal muscles. The Guest Editor hopes that this reprint will help provide clinicians with up-to-date knowledge of nutritional management in stroke rehabilitation.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- energy intake --- home-discharge --- activity of daily living --- stroke --- l-carnitine --- hemodialysis --- vascular dementia --- diffusion tensor imaging --- diffusion kurtosis imaging --- neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging --- stroke patient --- Charlson Comorbidity Index --- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II --- international physical activity questionnaire --- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Quality --- health literacy --- International Classification of Diseases --- health-related behaviors --- Vietnam --- stored energy --- body weight gain --- skeletal muscle mass gain --- malnutrition --- aggressive rehabilitation nutrition --- sarcopenia --- SARC-F score --- disability --- malnutrition risks --- convalescent rehabilitation --- body weight --- functional recovery --- nutritional management --- frailty --- muscle volume --- nutritional status --- prognostic factor --- skeletal muscle mass --- temporal muscle thickness --- n/a

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Stroke is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Malnutrition is prevalent in stroke rehabilitation patients, and has serious negative effects on outcomes. In addition, there is growing interest in new concepts related to malnutrition, such as sarcopenia, frailty, cachexia, chronic inflammation, dysphagia, and oral problems, all of which contribute to a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to assess nutritional status early and, if needed, provide appropriate nutritional interventions to improve patient outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is strongly recommended in this setting; as such, high-quality clinical evidence regarding clinical nutrition in stroke rehabilitation is needed. This reprint updates our knowledge of clinical nutrition for stroke patients and includes interesting studies on topics including nutrition and weight management in the early stages of stroke, the relationship between frailty and improved physical function, weight gain by providing stored energy, physical activity and diet quality, L-carnitine and cognitive levels, and the prediction of stroke prognosis using temporal muscles. The Guest Editor hopes that this reprint will help provide clinicians with up-to-date knowledge of nutritional management in stroke rehabilitation.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- energy intake --- home-discharge --- activity of daily living --- stroke --- l-carnitine --- hemodialysis --- vascular dementia --- diffusion tensor imaging --- diffusion kurtosis imaging --- neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging --- stroke patient --- Charlson Comorbidity Index --- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II --- international physical activity questionnaire --- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Quality --- health literacy --- International Classification of Diseases --- health-related behaviors --- Vietnam --- stored energy --- body weight gain --- skeletal muscle mass gain --- malnutrition --- aggressive rehabilitation nutrition --- sarcopenia --- SARC-F score --- disability --- malnutrition risks --- convalescent rehabilitation --- body weight --- functional recovery --- nutritional management --- frailty --- muscle volume --- nutritional status --- prognostic factor --- skeletal muscle mass --- temporal muscle thickness --- energy intake --- home-discharge --- activity of daily living --- stroke --- l-carnitine --- hemodialysis --- vascular dementia --- diffusion tensor imaging --- diffusion kurtosis imaging --- neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging --- stroke patient --- Charlson Comorbidity Index --- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II --- international physical activity questionnaire --- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Quality --- health literacy --- International Classification of Diseases --- health-related behaviors --- Vietnam --- stored energy --- body weight gain --- skeletal muscle mass gain --- malnutrition --- aggressive rehabilitation nutrition --- sarcopenia --- SARC-F score --- disability --- malnutrition risks --- convalescent rehabilitation --- body weight --- functional recovery --- nutritional management --- frailty --- muscle volume --- nutritional status --- prognostic factor --- skeletal muscle mass --- temporal muscle thickness

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Cancer of the urological sphere is a disease continuously increasing in numbers in the statistics of tumor malignancies in Western countries. Although this fact is mainly due to the contemporary increase of life expectancy of the people in these geographic areas, many other factors do contribute as well to this growth. Urological cancer is a complex and varied disease of different organs and mainly affects the male population. In fact, kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer are regularly included in the top-ten list of the most frequent neoplasms in males in most statistics. The female population, however, has also increasingly found itself affected by renal and bladder cancer in the last decade. Considering these altogether, urological cancer is a problem of major concern in developed societies. This Topic Issue of Cancers intends to shed some light into the complexity of this field and will consider all useful and appropriate contributions that scientists and clinicians may provide to improve urological cancer knowledge for patients’ benefit. The precise identification of the molecular routes involved, the diagnostic pathological criteria in the grey zones, the dilemma of T1G3 management, and the possible treatment options between superficial, nonmuscle-invasive and muscle-invasive diseases will be particularly welcomed in this Issue.

Research. --- Chemistry. --- bladder cancer --- radiotherapy --- radiosensitisation --- molecular subtypes --- preclinical studies --- bladder cancer cell lines --- latent cancer --- prostate cancer --- autopsy --- prognostic index --- prediction model --- mortality --- screening trial --- renal cell carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- prostatic neoplasms --- positron-emission tomography --- decision making --- tumor thrombus --- metastasectomy --- postoperative complications --- oncological outcomes --- radical cystectomy --- AHNAK2 --- prognosis --- dog --- comparative oncology --- inflammation --- prostatic atrophy --- preneoplastic lesion --- biomarker --- urine --- machine learning --- TRIPOD --- liquid biopsy --- glutaminase --- immunohistochemistry --- in situ methods --- prostate --- PSMA-RLT --- 177Lu-PSMA --- PSA --- mCRPC --- urinary bladder neoplasms --- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) --- immunotherapy --- divergent differentiation --- variant morphology --- survival --- stereotactic body radiotherapy --- frail patients --- cancer --- metastasis --- genomic analysis --- microenvironment --- tumor ecology --- game theory --- fluorescence confocal microscopy --- prostate biopsy --- ablation margins --- focal therapy --- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 --- bladder carcinoma --- cell migration --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- FTY-720 --- OIP5 --- papillary renal cell carcinoma --- PLK1 --- tumorigenesis --- therapy --- image-guided --- magnetic resonance imaging --- ultrasonography --- biopsy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- docetaxel --- novel hormonal therapies --- comparative effectiveness --- real-world treatment pattern --- metastatic prostate cancer --- epiplakin --- diagnosis --- advanced urothelial carcinoma --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- prognostic --- tumour mutational board --- genomic signatures --- ctDNA --- inflammatory indices --- urothelial carcinoma --- frailty --- prognostic factor --- psoas muscle --- Hounsfield units --- bladder cancer --- radiotherapy --- radiosensitisation --- molecular subtypes --- preclinical studies --- bladder cancer cell lines --- latent cancer --- prostate cancer --- autopsy --- prognostic index --- prediction model --- mortality --- screening trial --- renal cell carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- prostatic neoplasms --- positron-emission tomography --- decision making --- tumor thrombus --- metastasectomy --- postoperative complications --- oncological outcomes --- radical cystectomy --- AHNAK2 --- prognosis --- dog --- comparative oncology --- inflammation --- prostatic atrophy --- preneoplastic lesion --- biomarker --- urine --- machine learning --- TRIPOD --- liquid biopsy --- glutaminase --- immunohistochemistry --- in situ methods --- prostate --- PSMA-RLT --- 177Lu-PSMA --- PSA --- mCRPC --- urinary bladder neoplasms --- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) --- immunotherapy --- divergent differentiation --- variant morphology --- survival --- stereotactic body radiotherapy --- frail patients --- cancer --- metastasis --- genomic analysis --- microenvironment --- tumor ecology --- game theory --- fluorescence confocal microscopy --- prostate biopsy --- ablation margins --- focal therapy --- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 --- bladder carcinoma --- cell migration --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- FTY-720 --- OIP5 --- papillary renal cell carcinoma --- PLK1 --- tumorigenesis --- therapy --- image-guided --- magnetic resonance imaging --- ultrasonography --- biopsy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- docetaxel --- novel hormonal therapies --- comparative effectiveness --- real-world treatment pattern --- metastatic prostate cancer --- epiplakin --- diagnosis --- advanced urothelial carcinoma --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- prognostic --- tumour mutational board --- genomic signatures --- ctDNA --- inflammatory indices --- urothelial carcinoma --- frailty --- prognostic factor --- psoas muscle --- Hounsfield units