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Global economic growth has picked up in 2021 and has now surpassed its pre-pandemic level. The National Bank of Rwanda (NBR) has maintained an accommodative monetary stance and other measures to support the recovery, taking advantage of low inflation. The government's continued fiscal expansion is also providing support to the economy. Regional integration offers significant benefits for Rwanda, including greater potential for scale economies, opportunities for learning to export and produce higher-quality goods, and cooperation to improve trade facilitation. Regional trade will be enhanced by boosting trade with non- East African Community (EAC) members. The African continental free trade area (AfCFTA) can boost growth and trade integration. The development of Rwanda as a regional logistics hub, serving as an intermediating node between the East and Central Africa regions offers prospects to increase revenues and generate efficiency gains through the concentration of logistics services. The white paper on logistics and distribution services strategy for Rwanda, prepared with the support of the World Bank, laid out a two-phase strategy for the rollout of Rwanda as regional logistic hub. This involved: (i) improving the efficiency of Rwanda's role as a land-bridge for re-exports to Goma in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); and (ii) establishing a regional logistics hub in Rwanda linked to a primary multi-modal hub at Kisangani and a secondary multi-modal hub at Kindu.
Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Economic Growth --- Economic Recovery --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction
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Years before he became renowned as one of the most original social scientists of the twentieth century, Albert O. Hirschman played an active role in the rebuilding of postwar Europe. This book presents a collection of his reports about economic policy, early efforts at intra-European cooperation, and the new U.S.-centered international order.
Economic history. --- Marshall Plan. --- United States --- Foreign economic relations --- Albert O. Hirschman. --- Federal Reserve Board. --- economic development. --- economic history. --- economic policy. --- economic recovery. --- economics. --- international economic order. --- postwar Europe.
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The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved as a global pandemic and the disease has affected nearly every country and region. This pandemic has posed further threats to people due to the emergence of the number of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains with unknown original hosts. Since the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, from crippling health resources to causing paradigms shifts in health care delivery. The various strategies taken to control viral transmission including testing process, quarantine and isolation have had dire psychological and financial implications on individuals and institutions. Furthermore, many countries have implemented lockdowns and other restrictions to curb the virus’s spread resulted in disrupted formal education, unplanned fiscal costs on emergency reliefs, and decreased productivity. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to better understand the risk factors associated with the spread and severity of COVID-19 infections. It also provides information about the influence of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on local economies, the environment, and mental health. This Special Issue contains 11 research articles and one review.
Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal
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As elsewhere, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to tragic loss of life and triggered a major economic downturn in Indonesia. The authorities have responded with a bold and comprehensive policy package that has successfully maintained economic and financial stability. With the recovery underway, they have begun to withdraw the exceptional support measures. Nevertheless, the pandemic has caused scarring and reinforced the need to tackle longstanding structural challenges.
Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Health Behavior --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Finance --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Credit --- Money --- Public debt --- Economic recovery --- Economic growth --- Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) --- Crime --- International agencies --- Communicable diseases --- Financial services industry --- Debts, Public --- Business cycles --- Indonesia
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Colombia’s economy rebounded strongly in 2021 with 10.6 percent growth led by pent-up domestic demand, notably private consumption. Around 66 percent of the population is fully vaccinated against Covid-19 as of end-February and the economy continues to reopen more fully. While GDP has already reached pre-pandemic levels, employment has trailed in its recovery and macroeconomic imbalances have emerged. Amid strong demand, supply constraints, and rising commodity prices, rising inflation exceeded the upper limit of the central bank’s tolerance range in 2021. With demand-led growth and higher import prices, the current account deficit widened to 5¾ percent of GDP. Under staff’s assumptions for the evolution of the pandemic, above-potential growth around 5½ percent is expected in 2022, led by robust household consumption and a continued recovery of investment and exports. External vulnerabilities remain elevated with high external financing needs and tighter financial conditions. External risks remain elevated and an intensification of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine may impart considerable volatility in financial and commodity markets. Domestic risks are also tilted to the downside—including uncertainty around the evolution of the pandemic, political uncertainty with national elections this year, and slower implementation of the infrastructure agenda and peace accords.
Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Inflation --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Finance --- Economic growth --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Prices --- Public debt --- External debt --- Economic recovery --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- International agencies --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Financial services industry --- Business cycles --- Colombia
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As elsewhere, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to tragic loss of life and triggered a major economic downturn in Indonesia. The authorities have responded with a bold and comprehensive policy package that has successfully maintained economic and financial stability. With the recovery underway, they have begun to withdraw the exceptional support measures. Nevertheless, the pandemic has caused scarring and reinforced the need to tackle longstanding structural challenges.
Indonesia --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Health Behavior --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Finance --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Credit --- Money --- Public debt --- Economic recovery --- Economic growth --- Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) --- Crime --- International agencies --- Communicable diseases --- Financial services industry --- Debts, Public --- Business cycles
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The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved as a global pandemic and the disease has affected nearly every country and region. This pandemic has posed further threats to people due to the emergence of the number of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains with unknown original hosts. Since the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, from crippling health resources to causing paradigms shifts in health care delivery. The various strategies taken to control viral transmission including testing process, quarantine and isolation have had dire psychological and financial implications on individuals and institutions. Furthermore, many countries have implemented lockdowns and other restrictions to curb the virus’s spread resulted in disrupted formal education, unplanned fiscal costs on emergency reliefs, and decreased productivity. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to better understand the risk factors associated with the spread and severity of COVID-19 infections. It also provides information about the influence of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on local economies, the environment, and mental health. This Special Issue contains 11 research articles and one review.
coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal
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Colombia’s economy rebounded strongly in 2021 with 10.6 percent growth led by pent-up domestic demand, notably private consumption. Around 66 percent of the population is fully vaccinated against Covid-19 as of end-February and the economy continues to reopen more fully. While GDP has already reached pre-pandemic levels, employment has trailed in its recovery and macroeconomic imbalances have emerged. Amid strong demand, supply constraints, and rising commodity prices, rising inflation exceeded the upper limit of the central bank’s tolerance range in 2021. With demand-led growth and higher import prices, the current account deficit widened to 5¾ percent of GDP. Under staff’s assumptions for the evolution of the pandemic, above-potential growth around 5½ percent is expected in 2022, led by robust household consumption and a continued recovery of investment and exports. External vulnerabilities remain elevated with high external financing needs and tighter financial conditions. External risks remain elevated and an intensification of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine may impart considerable volatility in financial and commodity markets. Domestic risks are also tilted to the downside—including uncertainty around the evolution of the pandemic, political uncertainty with national elections this year, and slower implementation of the infrastructure agenda and peace accords.
Colombia --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Inflation --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Finance --- Economic growth --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Prices --- Public debt --- External debt --- Economic recovery --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- International agencies --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Financial services industry --- Business cycles
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The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved as a global pandemic and the disease has affected nearly every country and region. This pandemic has posed further threats to people due to the emergence of the number of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains with unknown original hosts. Since the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, from crippling health resources to causing paradigms shifts in health care delivery. The various strategies taken to control viral transmission including testing process, quarantine and isolation have had dire psychological and financial implications on individuals and institutions. Furthermore, many countries have implemented lockdowns and other restrictions to curb the virus’s spread resulted in disrupted formal education, unplanned fiscal costs on emergency reliefs, and decreased productivity. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to better understand the risk factors associated with the spread and severity of COVID-19 infections. It also provides information about the influence of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on local economies, the environment, and mental health. This Special Issue contains 11 research articles and one review.
Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal --- coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal
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Hong Kong SAR’s economy is recovering strongly as ample policy space has allowed the enaction of swift and bold policy responses to address the unprecedented crisis emanating from multiple shocks, including notably the pandemic. But the recovery remains uneven, with private consumption lagging, owing, in part, to a zero- COVID tolerance approach. The financial sector has remained resilient supported by significant buffers, strong institutional frameworks, and a well-functioning Linked Exchange Rate System (LERS). Increasing financial linkages with Mainland China bring both opportunities and challenges for growth and financial stability.
Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Real Estate --- Infrastructure --- Statistics --- Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Property & real estate --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Finance --- Economic growth --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Housing prices --- Prices --- National accounts --- Economic recovery --- Financial sector stability --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- External sector statistics --- Economic and financial statistics --- International agencies --- Saving and investment --- Financial services industry --- Business cycles --- Economic statistics --- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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