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Global economic growth has picked up in 2021 and has now surpassed its pre-pandemic level. The National Bank of Rwanda (NBR) has maintained an accommodative monetary stance and other measures to support the recovery, taking advantage of low inflation. The government's continued fiscal expansion is also providing support to the economy. Regional integration offers significant benefits for Rwanda, including greater potential for scale economies, opportunities for learning to export and produce higher-quality goods, and cooperation to improve trade facilitation. Regional trade will be enhanced by boosting trade with non- East African Community (EAC) members. The African continental free trade area (AfCFTA) can boost growth and trade integration. The development of Rwanda as a regional logistics hub, serving as an intermediating node between the East and Central Africa regions offers prospects to increase revenues and generate efficiency gains through the concentration of logistics services. The white paper on logistics and distribution services strategy for Rwanda, prepared with the support of the World Bank, laid out a two-phase strategy for the rollout of Rwanda as regional logistic hub. This involved: (i) improving the efficiency of Rwanda's role as a land-bridge for re-exports to Goma in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); and (ii) establishing a regional logistics hub in Rwanda linked to a primary multi-modal hub at Kisangani and a secondary multi-modal hub at Kindu.

Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Economic Growth --- Economic Recovery --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction

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The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved as a global pandemic and the disease has affected nearly every country and region. This pandemic has posed further threats to people due to the emergence of the number of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains with unknown original hosts. Since the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, from crippling health resources to causing paradigms shifts in health care delivery. The various strategies taken to control viral transmission including testing process, quarantine and isolation have had dire psychological and financial implications on individuals and institutions. Furthermore, many countries have implemented lockdowns and other restrictions to curb the virus’s spread resulted in disrupted formal education, unplanned fiscal costs on emergency reliefs, and decreased productivity. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to better understand the risk factors associated with the spread and severity of COVID-19 infections. It also provides information about the influence of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on local economies, the environment, and mental health. This Special Issue contains 11 research articles and one review.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal

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Colombia’s economy rebounded strongly in 2021 with 10.6 percent growth led by pent-up domestic demand, notably private consumption. Around 66 percent of the population is fully vaccinated against Covid-19 as of end-February and the economy continues to reopen more fully. While GDP has already reached pre-pandemic levels, employment has trailed in its recovery and macroeconomic imbalances have emerged. Amid strong demand, supply constraints, and rising commodity prices, rising inflation exceeded the upper limit of the central bank’s tolerance range in 2021. With demand-led growth and higher import prices, the current account deficit widened to 5¾ percent of GDP. Under staff’s assumptions for the evolution of the pandemic, above-potential growth around 5½ percent is expected in 2022, led by robust household consumption and a continued recovery of investment and exports. External vulnerabilities remain elevated with high external financing needs and tighter financial conditions. External risks remain elevated and an intensification of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine may impart considerable volatility in financial and commodity markets. Domestic risks are also tilted to the downside—including uncertainty around the evolution of the pandemic, political uncertainty with national elections this year, and slower implementation of the infrastructure agenda and peace accords.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Inflation --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Finance --- Economic growth --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Prices --- Public debt --- External debt --- Economic recovery --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- International agencies --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Financial services industry --- Business cycles --- Colombia

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The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved as a global pandemic and the disease has affected nearly every country and region. This pandemic has posed further threats to people due to the emergence of the number of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains with unknown original hosts. Since the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, from crippling health resources to causing paradigms shifts in health care delivery. The various strategies taken to control viral transmission including testing process, quarantine and isolation have had dire psychological and financial implications on individuals and institutions. Furthermore, many countries have implemented lockdowns and other restrictions to curb the virus’s spread resulted in disrupted formal education, unplanned fiscal costs on emergency reliefs, and decreased productivity. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to better understand the risk factors associated with the spread and severity of COVID-19 infections. It also provides information about the influence of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on local economies, the environment, and mental health. This Special Issue contains 11 research articles and one review.

coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal

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The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved as a global pandemic and the disease has affected nearly every country and region. This pandemic has posed further threats to people due to the emergence of the number of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains with unknown original hosts. Since the start of the pandemic, COVID-19 has overwhelmed health systems worldwide, from crippling health resources to causing paradigms shifts in health care delivery. The various strategies taken to control viral transmission including testing process, quarantine and isolation have had dire psychological and financial implications on individuals and institutions. Furthermore, many countries have implemented lockdowns and other restrictions to curb the virus’s spread resulted in disrupted formal education, unplanned fiscal costs on emergency reliefs, and decreased productivity. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to better understand the risk factors associated with the spread and severity of COVID-19 infections. It also provides information about the influence of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on local economies, the environment, and mental health. This Special Issue contains 11 research articles and one review.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal --- coronavirus disease --- artificial neural networks --- SARS-CoV-2 --- ventilator --- index development index --- developing country --- Covid-19 --- population density --- Covid-19 mortality --- economic recovery --- population reduction --- China --- Saudi Arabia --- Henry Kissinger --- economic burden --- influenza-like illness --- healthcare-seeking behaviors --- air pollution --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Greece --- GreenYourAir --- fine particulate matter --- COVID-19 --- dentistry --- pandemic --- dentist --- protective equipment --- economy resilience --- economy resistance --- economy restoration --- photochemical smog --- respiratory disorders --- prevalence --- occupational health --- infection --- trade protectionism --- economy --- energy --- input-output model --- public health crisis --- ESG --- stock price volatility --- avoid risk --- psychological distress --- depression symptoms --- anxiety symptoms --- financial variables --- COVID-19 pandemic --- district-level analysis --- risk factors --- Nepal