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The death penalty arouses more passion than almost any other issue. This account of the death penalty in the United States tells the story of dramatic changes, over four centuries, in the ways capital punishment has been administered and experienced.

Capital punishment --- Abolition of capital punishment --- Death penalty --- Death sentence --- Criminal law --- Punishment --- Executions and executioners --- History. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- United States --- Social conditions.

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"This book considers the way that Cesare Beccaria's slim 1764 volume On Crimes and Punishments influenced policy developments worldwide and over decades, if not centuries, after its publication. For those who turn to Beccaria's work today, the encounter is shaped by that knowledge. Appreciative of his book's dual nature as historical document and repository of ideas, the contributions in this collection address different aspects of the criminal justice theory Beccaria offered his readers and face up to methodological questions raised by meeting a historical text of this kind - unsystematic and by modern standards often under-argued - with modern scholarly conventions in mind. Contributions in the first part of the book engage with Beccaria's 'political theory of criminal justice' through the lenses of political and penal philosophy. How do we get from Beccaria's blending of social-contractarian foundations and proto-utilitarian policy analysis to the concrete set of criminal justice practices Beccaria presents as justified? This leads across to the second part where contributors approach Beccaria's ideas with present-day reforms and developments in mind. Many of his policy proposals and arguments remain significant from our contemporary perspective, their limitations and omissions proving as instructive for the contemporary scholar as their more prescient elements. The third part offers those looking at Beccaria's work today a glimpse into the practical difficulties facing the firebrand author turned public servant during his long career in the Habsburg-Lombardian administration. It puts his work into the broader context of pathways to criminal justice reform in northern Italy, Habsburgian Lombardy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Beccaria's day"--

Criminal law --- Criminal justice, Administration of. --- Criminology. --- Punishment. --- Capital punishment. --- Philosophy. --- Beccaria, Cesare, --- Abolition of capital punishment --- Death penalty --- Death sentence --- Punishment --- Executions and executioners --- Penalties (Criminal law) --- Penology --- Corrections --- Impunity --- Retribution --- Crime --- Social sciences --- Criminals --- Administration of criminal justice --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Justice, Administration of --- Study and teaching --- Law and legislation --- Philosophy --- Influence

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Before 1988 and the road construction that led to the archaeological operation presented in this book, the site of Paule was considered as just one earthen enclosure among others in Brittany. Then, from the first excavations, its unique nature was revealed: sculptures, monumental enclosures, and numerous potsherds quickly enabled its identification as an aristocratic residence. Twenty years of research have since uncovered six centuries of continuous occupation across nearly 10 hectares. From the farm’s original founding, circa 550 BC, until the site was abandoned circa 15 BC (soon after the Conquest), the reader is invited to follow—in a simple and lively and manner at the scale of human lives—the adaptations of a landed aristocratic family to their environment. Agricultural, defensive and storage needs, along with budding artisanal activities, modeled the buildings and spatial distribution of the site through time. The central family unit gradually detached from its dependents, who were relegated to a peripheral enclosure, as it attracted a population from surrounding areas that it would encompass within a vast fortification. The research methods employed in this work are those of Classical Archaeology, whose quality here lies in their coherence. Yves Menez, whose research at Paul was corroborated by a Ph.D. from the Sorbonne University, chose to venture beyond an interrogation based on complete and objective documentation of the site. Drawing from his double education in archaeology and engineering, he chose to embark on a broader historical and anthropological endeavor, integrating the phenomena involved in the transformations of a broader region. At each stage, he asked “why,” thus delving into the social structure, significance of the family and lineage, and the development of institutions. Abundant color illustrations enhance the written presentation of the archaeological remains, including reconstructions based on a digital field model. Finally, the English translation of the figure legends and detailed summaries of each chapter enable international readers clear access to the descriptions, arguments, and interpretations.

Dwellings, Prehistoric --- Iron age --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- Human settlements --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Côtes-d'Armor (France) --- Antiquities, Celtic. --- Archaeology --- nécropole --- France --- Bretagne --- sculpture --- habitat --- aristocratie --- métallurgie --- maison --- stockage --- céramique --- enceinte --- bois --- citerne --- puits --- textile --- amphore --- rempart --- enclos --- second âge du Fer --- grenier --- souterrain --- outillage lithique --- talus --- tour --- porte --- grange --- lieu de culte --- outillage métallique --- gra --- Peine de mort --- Capital punishment --- Women murderers --- Histoire --- History --- 1900-1999 --- Ireland --- Catholic Church. --- Ireland. --- Magdalen Laundries. --- Mother and Baby Homes. --- criminal insanity. --- death penalty. --- infanticide. --- punishment. --- sentencing. --- women's prisons.