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This book introduces readers to emerging persistent memory (PM) technologies that promise the performance of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with the durability of traditional storage media, such as hard disks and solid-state drives (SSDs). Persistent memories (PMs), such as Intel's Optane DC persistent memories, are commercially available today. Unlike traditional storage devices, PMs can be accessed over a byte-addressable load-store interface with access latency that is comparable to DRAM. Unfortunately, existing hardware and software systems are ill-equipped to fully avail the potential of these byte-addressable memory technologies as they have been designed to access traditional storage media over a block-based interface. Several mechanisms have been explored in the research literature over the past decade to design hardware and software systems that provide high-performance access to PMs.Because PMs are durable, they can retain data across failures, such as power failures and program crashes. Upon a failure, recovery mechanisms may inspect PM data, reconstruct state and resume program execution. Correct recovery of data requires that operations to the PM are properly ordered during normal program execution. Memory persistency models define the order in which memory operations are performed at the PM. Much like memory consistency models, memory persistency models may be relaxed to improve application performance. Several proposals have emerged recently to design memory persistency models for hardware and software systems and for high-level programming languages. These proposals differ in several key aspects; they relax PM ordering constraints, introduce varying programmability burden, and introduce differing granularity of failure atomicity for PM operations.This primer provides a detailed overview of the various classes of the memory persistency models, their implementations in hardware, programming languages and software systems proposed in the recent research literature, and the PM ordering techniques employed by modern processors.
Electronic circuits. --- Microprocessors. --- Computer architecture. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems. --- Processor Architectures.
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This book discusses the Versatile Video Coding (VVC), the ISO and ITU state-of-the-art video coding standard. VVC reaches a compression efficiency significantly higher than its predecessor standard (HEVC) and it has a high versatility for efficient use in a broad range of applications and different types of video content, including Ultra-High Definition (UHD), High-Dynamic Range (HDR), screen content, 360º videos, and resolution adaptivity. The authors introduce the novel VVC tools for block partitioning, intra-frame and inter-frames predictions, transforms, quantization, entropy coding, and in-loop filtering. The authors also present some solutions exploring VVC encoding behavior at different levels to accelerate the intra-frame prediction, applying statistical-based heuristics and machine learning (ML) techniques. This book includes: A high-level description of the VVC novel encoding tools; A detailed description of the VVC intra-frame prediction; A deep statistical assessment of the VVC intra-frame prediction behavior; Five algorithms to reduce the VVC intra-frame prediction encoding effort.
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This book attempts to eliminate the existing “imbalance” between the theory of electric machines and the theory of electromagnetic fields. In order to develop viable methods for engineering calculations, the author applies field equations. The resulting, new methods consist of traditional calculation elements represented in a refined form (circuit-loops, parameters, equivalent circuits and voltage equations). These calculation methods should be effective both for researchers and engineering practitioners, especially, in relation to the modern electric machines, such as powerful turbine generators, large high-speed synchronous motors, etc. Provides conditions for the generalization of the field research results; Expands capabilities of engineering calculation methods; Improves upon the theory of engineering calculations, under the conditions of the Maxwell’s equations.
Electronics --- Electrical engineering --- vermogenselektronica --- elektrische circuits --- Power electronics. --- Electric machinery. --- Electronic circuits. --- Power Electronics. --- Electrical Machines. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems.
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This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers an advanced treatment of the Atmel AVR microcontroller. This book is intended as a follow-on to a previously published book, titled Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing. Some of the content from this earlier text is retained for completeness. This book will emphasize advanced programming and interfacing skills. We focus on system level design consisting of several interacting microcontroller subsystems. The first chapter discusses the system design process. Our approach is to provide the skills to quickly get up to speed to operate the internationally popular Atmel AVR microcontroller line by developing systems level design skills. We use the Atmel ATmega164 as a representative sample of the AVR line. The knowledge you gain on this microcontroller can be easily translated to every other microcontroller in the AVR line. In succeeding chapters, we cover the main subsystems aboard the microcontroller, providing a short theory section followed by a description of the related microcontroller subsystem with accompanying software for the subsystem. We then provide advanced examples exercising some of the features discussed. In all examples, we use the C programming language. The code provided can be readily adapted to the wide variety of compilers available for the Atmel AVR microcontroller line. We also include a chapter describing how to interface the microcontroller to a wide variety of input and output devices. The book concludes with several detailed system level design examples employing the Atmel AVR microcontroller. Table of Contents: Embedded Systems Design / Atmel AVR Architecture Overview / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing / System Level Design.
Engineering. --- Electronic circuits. --- Control engineering. --- Robotics. --- Automation. --- Computers. --- Technology and Engineering. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems. --- Control, Robotics, Automation. --- Computer Hardware.
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The greatly expanded and updated 3rd edition of this textbook offers the reader a comprehensive introduction to the concepts of logic functions and equations and their applications across computer science and engineering. The authors’ approach emphasizes a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles as well as numerical and computer-based solution methods. The book provides insight into applications across propositional logic, binary arithmetic, coding, cryptography, complexity, logic design, and artificial intelligence. Updated throughout, some major additions for the 3rd edition include: a new chapter about the concepts contributing to the power of XBOOLE; a new chapter that introduces into the application of the XBOOLE-Monitor XBM 2; many tasks that support the readers in amplifying the learned content at the end of the chapters; solutions of a large subset of these tasks to confirm learning success; challenging tasks that need the power of the XBOOLE software for their solution. The XBOOLE-monitor XBM 2 software is used to solve the exercises; in this way the time-consuming and error-prone manipulation on the bit level is moved to an ordinary PC, more realistic tasks can be solved, and the challenges of thinking about algorithms leads to a higher level of education.
Electronic circuits. --- Logic design. --- Computer science --- Discrete mathematics. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems. --- Logic Design. --- Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science. --- Mathematics. --- Àlgebra de Boole --- Lògica matemàtica --- Teoria de màquines
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The complexity of modern chip design requires extensive use of specialized software throughout the process. To achieve the best results, a user of this software needs a high-level understanding of the underlying mathematical models and algorithms. In addition, a developer of such software must have a keen understanding of relevant computer science aspects, including algorithmic performance bottlenecks and how various algorithms operate and interact. This book introduces and compares the fundamental algorithms that are used during the IC physical design phase, wherein a geometric chip layout is produced starting from an abstract circuit design. This updated second edition includes recent advancements in the state-of-the-art of physical design, and builds upon foundational coverage of essential and fundamental techniques. Numerous examples and tasks with solutions increase the clarity of presentation and facilitate deeper understanding. A comprehensive set of slides is available on the Internet for each chapter, simplifying use of the book in instructional settings. Link with additional documents: https://www.ifte.de/books/eda/index.html “This improved, second edition of the book will continue to serve the EDA and design community well. It is a foundational text and reference for the next generation of professionals who will be called on to continue the advancement of our chip design tools and design the most advanced micro-electronics.” Dr. Leon Stok, Vice President, Electronic Design Automation, IBM Systems Group “This is the book I wish I had when I taught EDA in the past, and the one I’m using from now on.” Dr. Louis K. Scheffer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute “I would happily use this book when teaching Physical Design. I know of no other work that’s as comprehensive and up-to-date, with algorithmic focus and clear pseudocode for the key algorithms. The book is beautifully designed!” Prof. John P. Hayes, University of Michigan “The entire field of electronic design automation owes the authors a great debt for providing a single coherent source on physical design that is clear and tutorial in nature, while providing details on key state-of-the-art topics such as timing closure.” Prof. Kurt Keutzer, University of California, Berkeley “An excellent balance of the basics and more advanced concepts, presented by top experts in the field.” Prof. Sachin Sapatnekar, University of Minnesota.
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This book describes a new, coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture (CGRA), called Blocks, and puts it in the context of computer architectures, and in particular of other CGRAs. The book starts with an extensive evaluation of historic and existing CGRAs and their strengths and weaknesses. This also leads to a better understanding and new definition of what distinguishes CGRAs from other architectural approaches. The authors introduce Blocks as unique due to its separate programmable control and data paths, allowing light-weight instruction decode units to be arbitrarily connected to one or more functional units (FUs) over a statically configured interconnect. The discussion includes an explanation of how to model architectures, resulting in an area and energy model for Blocks. The accuracy of this model is evaluated against fully implemented architectures, showing that although it is three orders of magnitude faster than synthesis the error margin is very acceptable. The book concludes with a case study on a real System-on-Chip, including a RISC architecture, the Blocks CGRA and peripherals. Provides a comprehensive overview of many coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) proposed in the last 25 years, as well as a classification of those CGRAs; Offers a new view on the positioning of CGRAs; Provides an in-depth description of structure of the Blocks CGRA and its unique aspects; Includes an extensive evaluation of various performance aspects of Blocks, such as performance, energy and area, as well as a comparison with various traditional approaches; Uses a case study showing how Blocks can be used in a real system on-chip, and how performance of this system-on-chip can be estimated using the proposed model.
Electronic circuits. --- Microprocessors. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Processor Architectures. --- Minicomputers --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Adaptive computing systems. --- Adaptive computing --- Configurable computing systems --- Reconfigurable computing systems --- Computer systems
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This textbook teaches in one, coherent presentation the three distinct topics of analysis of electronic circuits, mathematical numerical algorithms and coding in a software such as MATLAB®. By combining the capabilities of circuit simulators and mathematical software, the author teaches key concepts of circuit analysis and algorithms, using a modern approach. The DC, Transient, AC, Noise and behavioral analyses are implemented in MATLAB to study the complete characteristics of a variety of electronic circuits, such as amplifiers, rectifiers, hysteresis circuits, harmonic traps and passes, polyphaser filters, directional couplers, electro-static discharge and piezoelectric crystals. This book teaches basic and advanced circuit analysis, by incorporating algorithms and simulations that teach readers how to develop their own simulators and fully characterize and design electronic circuits. Teaches students and practitioners DC, AC, Transient, Noise and Behavioral analyses using MATLAB; Shows readers how to create their own complete simulator in MATLAB by adding materials learned in all 6 chapters of the book; Balances theory, math and analysis; Introduces many examples such as noise minimization, parameter optimization, power splitters, harmonic traps and passes, directional couplers, polyphase filters and electro-static discharge that are hardly referenced in other textbooks; Teaches how to create the fundamental analysis functions such as linear and nonlinear equation solvers, determinant calculation, random number generation and Fast Fourier transformation rather than using the built-in native MATLAB codes.
Electronic circuits. --- Electronics. --- Microelectronics. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Electronic Circuits and Devices. --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronic circuit design. --- Electronic circuits --- Design
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This book attempts to eliminate the existing “imbalance” between the theory of electric machines and the theory of electromagnetic fields. In order to develop viable methods for engineering calculations, the author applies field equations. The resulting, new methods consist of traditional calculation elements represented in a refined form (circuit-loops, parameters, equivalent circuits and voltage equations). These calculation methods should be effective both for researchers and engineering practitioners, especially, in relation to the modern electric machines, such as powerful turbine generators, large high-speed synchronous motors, etc. Provides conditions for the generalization of the field research results; Expands capabilities of engineering calculation methods; Improves upon the theory of engineering calculations, under the conditions of the Maxwell’s equations.
Einstein field equations. --- Einstein's field equations --- Einstein's gravitational field equations --- Einstein's law of gravitation --- Field equations, Einstein --- Differential equations --- Field theory (Physics) --- General relativity (Physics) --- Gravitational fields --- Power electronics. --- Electric machinery. --- Electronic circuits. --- Power Electronics. --- Electrical Machines. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems. --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Electromechanical devices --- Machinery --- Electronics, Power --- Electric power
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This book discusses the major aspects of thermal transient testing, the most important method of thermal characterization of electronics available today. The book begins by presenting the theoretical background of creating structure functions from the measured results with mathematical details. It then moves on to show how the method can be used for thermal qualification, structure integrity testing, determining material parameters, and the calibration of simulation models. General practical questions about measurements are discussed to help beginners carry out thermal transient testing. The special problems and tricks of measuring with various electronic components, such as Si diodes, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, IGBT devices, resistors, capacitors, wide band gap materials, and LEDs are covered in detail with the help of various use cases. This hands-on book will enable readers to accomplish thermal transient testing on any new type of electronics and provides the theoretical details needed to understand the opportunities and limitations offered by the methodology. The book will be an invaluable reference for practicing engineers, students, and researchers. The first book dedicated solely to thermal transient testing; Enables readers to accomplish thermal transient testing on any type of electronics; Provides valuable use cases and highlights the specialties of characterizing different devices.
Electronics. --- Electric power production. --- Electronic circuits. --- Materials. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Electrical Power Engineering. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems. --- Materials Engineering. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Electric power generation --- Electricity generation --- Power production, Electric --- Electric power systems --- Electrification --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Materials
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