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This volume reviews the latest research on the functional implications of nuclear, chromosomal and genomic organization and architecture on cell and organismal biology, and development and progression of diseases. The architecture of the cell nucleus and non-random arrangement of chromosomes, genes, and the non-membranous nuclear bodies in the three-dimensional (3D) space alters in response to the environmental, mechanical, chemical, and temporal cues. The changes in the nuclear, chromosomal, or genomic compaction and configuration modify the gene expression program and induce or inhibit epigenetic modifications. The intrinsically programmed rearrangements of the nuclear architecture are necessary for cell differentiation, the establishment of cell fate during development and maturation of tissues and organs including the immune, muscle, and nervous systems. The non-programmed changes in the nuclear architecture can lead to fragmentation of the nucleus and instability of the genome and thus cause cancer. Microbial and viral infections can lead to a clustering of centromeres, telomeres and ribosomal DNA and alter the properties of the nuclear membrane, allowing large immobile macromolecules to enter the nucleus. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies combined with nucleus/chromosome conformation capture, super-resolution imaging, chromosomal contact maps methods, integrative modeling, and genetic approaches, are uncovering novel features and importance of nuclear, chromosomal and genomic architecture. This book is an interesting read for cell biologists, researchers studying the structure and function of chromosomes, and anyone else who wants to get an overview of the field of nuclear, chromosomal and genomic architecture.

Cell differentiation. --- Cell nuclei. --- Cytology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cell nucleus --- Nucleus (Cells) --- Cell organelles --- Cell fate specification --- Cell specification --- Differentiation of cells --- Fate specification of cells --- Specification of cells --- Morphogenesis --- Differentiation --- Fate specification --- Specification --- Chromosomes. --- Genomics. --- Biomaterials. --- Nucleic acids. --- Gene expression. --- Nuclear Organization. --- Genomic Analysis. --- Nucleic Acid. --- Gene Expression Analysis. --- Technique. --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genome research --- Genomes --- Molecular genetics --- Chromosome theory --- Cell nuclei --- Crossing over (Genetics) --- Cytotaxonomy --- Genetics --- Karyokinesis --- Linkage (Genetics) --- Expression --- Research --- Citologia --- Cromosomes --- Genòmica --- Nuclis cel·lulars --- Diferenciació cel·lular

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Galectins are a family of soluble beta-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. There are sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes, and their expression profiles are very different between cell types, tissues, and species. This Special Issue covers recent progress in the field of the cell biology of galectins, relevant concepts of galectin regulatory mechanisms, and biomedical aspects of these unique multifunctional proteins.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- galectin-7 --- p53 --- MMP-9 --- cancer --- gain-of-function --- vasculature --- gene expression --- tube formation --- sprouting --- VEGF --- integrins --- galectin --- extracellular matrix --- microenvironment --- Yersinia enterocolitica --- YopP --- Galectin-1 --- nitric oxide --- macrophages --- epithelial tissues --- apoptosis --- targeting --- inhibitors --- β-hairpin --- β-sandwich --- blood group B --- lectin --- sugar code --- LGALS16 --- placenta --- brain tissues --- cell differentiation --- transcription factor --- miRNA --- galectin-3 --- cardiac fibrosis --- heart failure --- atrial fibrillation --- chronic inflammation --- MMPs --- microRNAs --- lncRNAs --- pectin --- structure and function --- bioactive polysaccharides --- galectin-3 inhibition --- galacto-oligosaccharides --- galectins --- intestinal epithelial cells --- β-3′galactosyllactose --- immunomodulation --- mucosal immunity --- O-GlcNAc --- unconventional secretion --- extraembryonic endoderm --- n/a --- β-3'galactosyllactose

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The Special Issue "In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Colorectal Cancer for Clinical Application", edited by Marta Baiocchi and Ann Zeuner for Cancers, collects original research papers and reviews, depicting the current state and the perspectives of CRC models for preclinical and translational research. Original research papers published in this issue focus on some of the hottest topics in CRC research, such as circulating tumor cells, epigenetic regulation of stemness states, new therapeutic targets, molecular CRC classification and experimental CRC models such as organoids and PDXs. Additionally, four reviews on CRC stem cells, immunotherapy and drug discovery provide an updated viewpoint on key topics linking benchtop to bedside research in CRC.

colorectal cancer --- organoids --- 3D bioprinting --- patient-derived xenograft --- cancer-on-chip --- drug combination --- cancer stem cells --- drug resistance --- clinical trials --- tumor-initiating cells --- tumor heterogeneity --- patient-derived cancer models --- single-cell RNA-sequencing --- tumor metabolism --- transcriptional programs --- tumor cell differentiation --- immunotherapy --- methods --- chromosomal instability --- DNA damage --- targeted therapy --- decitabine --- colon cancer --- DNA methylation --- clinical translation study --- machine learning --- patient-derived tumor organoid --- precision medicine --- radiation response --- rectal cancer --- PDX model --- CRC --- mutation analysis --- histological examination --- animal models --- in vitro culture --- cancer stem cell methods --- SATB2 --- colorectal carcinoma --- prognosis --- CDX2 --- circulating tumor cells --- CTC cluster --- size-based method --- ScreenCell® --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- hypoxia --- HIF-1α --- immunofluorescence analysis --- sequential filtration

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Galectins are a family of soluble beta-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. There are sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes, and their expression profiles are very different between cell types, tissues, and species. This Special Issue covers recent progress in the field of the cell biology of galectins, relevant concepts of galectin regulatory mechanisms, and biomedical aspects of these unique multifunctional proteins.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- galectin-7 --- p53 --- MMP-9 --- cancer --- gain-of-function --- vasculature --- gene expression --- tube formation --- sprouting --- VEGF --- integrins --- galectin --- extracellular matrix --- microenvironment --- Yersinia enterocolitica --- YopP --- Galectin-1 --- nitric oxide --- macrophages --- epithelial tissues --- apoptosis --- targeting --- inhibitors --- β-hairpin --- β-sandwich --- blood group B --- lectin --- sugar code --- LGALS16 --- placenta --- brain tissues --- cell differentiation --- transcription factor --- miRNA --- galectin-3 --- cardiac fibrosis --- heart failure --- atrial fibrillation --- chronic inflammation --- MMPs --- microRNAs --- lncRNAs --- pectin --- structure and function --- bioactive polysaccharides --- galectin-3 inhibition --- galacto-oligosaccharides --- galectins --- intestinal epithelial cells --- β-3'galactosyllactose --- immunomodulation --- mucosal immunity --- O-GlcNAc --- unconventional secretion --- extraembryonic endoderm --- galectin-7 --- p53 --- MMP-9 --- cancer --- gain-of-function --- vasculature --- gene expression --- tube formation --- sprouting --- VEGF --- integrins --- galectin --- extracellular matrix --- microenvironment --- Yersinia enterocolitica --- YopP --- Galectin-1 --- nitric oxide --- macrophages --- epithelial tissues --- apoptosis --- targeting --- inhibitors --- β-hairpin --- β-sandwich --- blood group B --- lectin --- sugar code --- LGALS16 --- placenta --- brain tissues --- cell differentiation --- transcription factor --- miRNA --- galectin-3 --- cardiac fibrosis --- heart failure --- atrial fibrillation --- chronic inflammation --- MMPs --- microRNAs --- lncRNAs --- pectin --- structure and function --- bioactive polysaccharides --- galectin-3 inhibition --- galacto-oligosaccharides --- galectins --- intestinal epithelial cells --- β-3'galactosyllactose --- immunomodulation --- mucosal immunity --- O-GlcNAc --- unconventional secretion --- extraembryonic endoderm

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Nephropathic cystinosis (MIM # 219800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, encoded by the CTNS gene (17p13.2). This devastating condition initially affects kidneys and subsequently many other organs including eyes, thyroid, pancreas, muscles, and brain. While lysosomal cystine storage is a key feature of the disease and the main target of current therapy, recent groundbreaking research has revealed that cystinosin has diverse functions in cells, being involved in vesicle trafficking, energy homeostasis, and cell death mechanisms. These discoveries deepen our insights into the mechanisms of cystinosis and of lysosomal biology in general. In this Special Issue dedicated to the pioneer of cystinosis research Dr. Jerry Schneider, we highlight the state-of-the-art understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of various disease features, opening new horizons for innovative treatment strategies for cystinosis and potentially other lysosomal storage diseases.

cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring