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The book gives an overview on the progress that has been made in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML, CML) and of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Leukemia is the most common malignant disease in children, and 80% of patients are diagnosed with ALL and 15–20% with AML, whereas CML and JMML are rather rare. Although ALL was considered an incurable disease until the early 1960s, with the availability of cytotoxic drugs and the start of clinical multicenter studies, ALL has become an almost curable disease with a survival rate exceeding 90 % in high-income countries. These impressive results have mainly been achieved by a deeper understanding of the genomic landscape of the disease and the introduction of risk stratifications based on genetic features and response to chemotherapy as determined by the presence or absence of minimal residual disease (MRD). Immunotherapies including bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, monoclonal antibodies and improvements in the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have shown impressive results in chemorefractory or relapsed patients, and it is anticipated that the cure rate can be further increased. For countries with less resources, therapies have to be adapted to increase survival as well. This book also updates on the progress made in the treatment of AML. As in ALL, risk classification based on genetic factors and response to chemotherapy is most important for therapy guidance. The book also provides updates and guidance for the treatment of CML and JMML.

acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- pediatric --- advances --- diagnosis --- treatment --- immunotherapy --- bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) --- BCP-ALL --- leukemia --- TRAIL --- antibody --- Fc-engineering --- xenograft --- CD19 --- juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia --- RAS signaling --- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation --- 5-azacitidine --- myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorders --- targeted therapy --- ADC --- antibody–drug conjugate --- pediatric leukemia --- ALL --- AML --- allogeneic stem cell transplantation --- acute myeloid leukemia --- minimal residual disease --- conditioning regimen --- alternative donors --- B-ALL --- DUX4 --- IKZF1 --- PAX5 --- Ph-like --- ZNF384 --- NUTM1 --- T-ALL --- NOTCH1 --- BCL11B --- transcriptome --- genome --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- CML --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- immunizations --- COVID-19 --- childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- low-risk ALL --- risk-stratified treatment --- treatment related toxicity --- L-asparaginase --- acute pancreatitis --- polymorphism --- SNV --- ABCC4 --- CFTR --- other extramedullary relapse --- lymphoblastic leukemia --- children --- prognosis --- evolution of CAR T cells --- FDA-approved CAR products --- TcR versus CAR --- limitations and complications of CAR T cell therapy --- future directions of CAR T cell therapy --- n/a --- antibody-drug conjugate

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Dear Readers, Oncolytic Viruses (OV) are self-propagating agents that can selectively induce the lysis of cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. OV-mediated cancer cell death is often immunogenic and triggers robust anticancer immune responses and immunoconversion of tumor microenvironments. This makes oncolytic virotherapy a promising new form of immunotherapy and OVs ideal candidates for combination therapy with other anticancer agents, including other immunotherapeutics. There are more than 40 OVs from nine different families in clinical development and many more at the preclinical stage. Each OV has its own unique characteristics, its pros and cons. Although herpes simplex virus is currently the lead clinical agent, a real champion among the OVs has not yet emerged, justifying the continuous development and optimization of these agents. This book, “Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy”, summarizes the state-of-the-art and gives a comprehensive overview of the OV arena with a particular focus on new trends, directions, challenges, and opportunities.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- oncolytic viruses --- melanoma --- immunotherapy --- checkpoint inhibitors --- combinatory therapy --- reovirus --- oncolytic virus --- adenovirus --- oncolytic --- virotherapy --- targeting --- immunogenic cell death --- αvβ6 integrin --- oncolytic adenovirus --- cancer immunotherapy --- multi-stage --- immunostimulatory --- arming --- HSV-1 --- clinical trials --- newcastle disease virus --- NDV --- cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- type I interferon --- herpes simplex virus --- retargeted virus --- tropism retargeting --- tumor --- checkpoint inhibitor --- vaccination --- antigen-agnostic vaccination --- HER2 --- parvovirus --- tumor microenvironment --- combination therapy --- glioblastoma --- pancreatic cancer --- colorectal cancer --- measles virus --- vector engineering --- immune checkpoint blockade --- antitumor immune response --- delivery --- genetic modification --- biomarkers --- personalized oncolyticvirotherapy --- class I HLA --- immunosurveillance --- immunoediting --- oncogenic signaling --- RAS --- DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) --- viral mimicry --- epigenetic silencing --- adoptive T cell therapy --- CAR T cell --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- vesicular stomatitis virus --- small molecule --- cancer immune therapy --- cancer therapy --- oncolytic viruses --- melanoma --- immunotherapy --- checkpoint inhibitors --- combinatory therapy --- reovirus --- oncolytic virus --- adenovirus --- oncolytic --- virotherapy --- targeting --- immunogenic cell death --- αvβ6 integrin --- oncolytic adenovirus --- cancer immunotherapy --- multi-stage --- immunostimulatory --- arming --- HSV-1 --- clinical trials --- newcastle disease virus --- NDV --- cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- type I interferon --- herpes simplex virus --- retargeted virus --- tropism retargeting --- tumor --- checkpoint inhibitor --- vaccination --- antigen-agnostic vaccination --- HER2 --- parvovirus --- tumor microenvironment --- combination therapy --- glioblastoma --- pancreatic cancer --- colorectal cancer --- measles virus --- vector engineering --- immune checkpoint blockade --- antitumor immune response --- delivery --- genetic modification --- biomarkers --- personalized oncolyticvirotherapy --- class I HLA --- immunosurveillance --- immunoediting --- oncogenic signaling --- RAS --- DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) --- viral mimicry --- epigenetic silencing --- adoptive T cell therapy --- CAR T cell --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- vesicular stomatitis virus --- small molecule --- cancer immune therapy --- cancer therapy

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The book is based on the Cancers journal Special Issue entitled “Immunotherapy, Tumor Microenvironment and Survival Signaling", and focuses on important problems concerning tumors and tumor microenvironment interactions, as well as novel immunotherapies such as CAR-T cell therapy. Immunotherapies have recently shown remarkable results in the treatment of cancer patients. However, there are still many questions that remain to be solved in regards to more effective therapies, such as the tumor heterogeneous profile, tumor microenvironment, and tumor survival epigenetic and genetic pathways, all of which make patients resistant to the presently available treatments for cancer. This book demonstrates different approaches to overcome the challenges faced by immunotherapies due to suppressive tumor microenvironments. This book includes 18 papers that can be divided into three chapters: 1. novel immunotherapies; 2. targeting tumor microenvironment and novel approaches; 3. targeting tumors and tumor microenvironment in different types of cancer.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- Autophagy --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- tumor stroma --- tumor microenvironment --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- chemotherapy --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- angiogenesis --- check point inhibitors --- programmed cell death protein 1 --- programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 --- cardiotoxicity --- lung metastasis --- CAR-T --- hypoxia --- tumor --- microenvironment --- CD19 --- BCMA --- cancer --- melanoma --- immune escape --- antigen loss --- chimeric antigen receptor --- electroporation --- lentivirus --- lentiviral transduction --- macrophages --- leukemia cells --- lytic peptides --- targeted therapy --- dendritic cells --- pathogenesis --- risk factors --- breast cancer --- resistance --- checkpoint --- targeted treatment --- personalized medicine --- pediatric solid tumors --- chimeric antigen receptors --- cancer vaccines --- oncolytic viral therapy --- immunomodulation --- DCLK1 --- tumor stem cells --- clonogenicity --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial transfer --- tunneling nanotubes --- triple-negative breast cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- combination therapy --- cancer nanomedicine --- tumor antigens --- cancer metabolism --- cancer immunotherapy --- nanoparticles --- immunotherapeutic agent --- immunomodulators --- tuft cells --- cancer stem cells --- immunotherapies --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- regulatory T cells --- crosstalk --- tumor immune evasion --- cell-cell contact --- β2 integrins --- CD18 --- CD11 --- CAR-T cells --- CD37 --- cell therapy --- tumor antigen --- lymphoma --- CAR macrophage --- CAR T cell --- solid tumors --- immunometabolism --- miRNA --- immunogenic cell death --- Autophagy --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- tumor stroma --- tumor microenvironment --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- chemotherapy --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- angiogenesis --- check point inhibitors --- programmed cell death protein 1 --- programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 --- cardiotoxicity --- lung metastasis --- CAR-T --- hypoxia --- tumor --- microenvironment --- CD19 --- BCMA --- cancer --- melanoma --- immune escape --- antigen loss --- chimeric antigen receptor --- electroporation --- lentivirus --- lentiviral transduction --- macrophages --- leukemia cells --- lytic peptides --- targeted therapy --- dendritic cells --- pathogenesis --- risk factors --- breast cancer --- resistance --- checkpoint --- targeted treatment --- personalized medicine --- pediatric solid tumors --- chimeric antigen receptors --- cancer vaccines --- oncolytic viral therapy --- immunomodulation --- DCLK1 --- tumor stem cells --- clonogenicity --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial transfer --- tunneling nanotubes --- triple-negative breast cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- combination therapy --- cancer nanomedicine --- tumor antigens --- cancer metabolism --- cancer immunotherapy --- nanoparticles --- immunotherapeutic agent --- immunomodulators --- tuft cells --- cancer stem cells --- immunotherapies --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- regulatory T cells --- crosstalk --- tumor immune evasion --- cell-cell contact --- β2 integrins --- CD18 --- CD11 --- CAR-T cells --- CD37 --- cell therapy --- tumor antigen --- lymphoma --- CAR macrophage --- CAR T cell --- solid tumors --- immunometabolism --- miRNA --- immunogenic cell death

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The book is based on the Cancers journal Special Issue entitled “Immunotherapy, Tumor Microenvironment and Survival Signaling", and focuses on important problems concerning tumors and tumor microenvironment interactions, as well as novel immunotherapies such as CAR-T cell therapy. Immunotherapies have recently shown remarkable results in the treatment of cancer patients. However, there are still many questions that remain to be solved in regards to more effective therapies, such as the tumor heterogeneous profile, tumor microenvironment, and tumor survival epigenetic and genetic pathways, all of which make patients resistant to the presently available treatments for cancer. This book demonstrates different approaches to overcome the challenges faced by immunotherapies due to suppressive tumor microenvironments. This book includes 18 papers that can be divided into three chapters: 1. novel immunotherapies; 2. targeting tumor microenvironment and novel approaches; 3. targeting tumors and tumor microenvironment in different types of cancer.

Autophagy --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- tumor stroma --- tumor microenvironment --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- chemotherapy --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- angiogenesis --- check point inhibitors --- programmed cell death protein 1 --- programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 --- cardiotoxicity --- lung metastasis --- CAR-T --- hypoxia --- tumor --- microenvironment --- CD19 --- BCMA --- cancer --- melanoma --- immune escape --- antigen loss --- chimeric antigen receptor --- electroporation --- lentivirus --- lentiviral transduction --- macrophages --- leukemia cells --- lytic peptides --- targeted therapy --- dendritic cells --- pathogenesis --- risk factors --- breast cancer --- resistance --- checkpoint --- targeted treatment --- personalized medicine --- pediatric solid tumors --- chimeric antigen receptors --- cancer vaccines --- oncolytic viral therapy --- immunomodulation --- DCLK1 --- tumor stem cells --- clonogenicity --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial transfer --- tunneling nanotubes --- triple-negative breast cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- combination therapy --- cancer nanomedicine --- tumor antigens --- cancer metabolism --- cancer immunotherapy --- nanoparticles --- immunotherapeutic agent --- immunomodulators --- tuft cells --- cancer stem cells --- immunotherapies --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- regulatory T cells --- crosstalk --- tumor immune evasion --- cell–cell contact --- β2 integrins --- CD18 --- CD11 --- CAR-T cells --- CD37 --- cell therapy --- tumor antigen --- lymphoma --- CAR macrophage --- CAR T cell --- solid tumors --- immunometabolism --- miRNA --- immunogenic cell death --- n/a --- cell-cell contact