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On 17 September 1871 the Fréjus railway tunnel was inaugurated, the first tunnel in the Alpine chain. 14 years of work, digging 12 km into the mountain, represented an extraordinary technological and scientific challenge. The first part of the volume reconstructs the events and the political context of this collective enterprise in which geologists, engineers, politicians, workers and workers - and the Academy of Science itself both as an institution and through its members - were involved. The Fréjus Tunnel has produced a real revolution in tunnel excavation: from the manual drilling of the mining tradition we have moved on to an innovative mechanical drilling with compressed air, thanks to the ingenuity of Sommellier, Grattoni and Grandis who were the decisive architects of the enterprise. The second part focuses on the construction of modern base tunnels in the Alpine arc, on the technical-scientific progress of recent years and on the development of the European TEN-T transport network which, as happened for Fréjus 150 years ago, today requires new technical, scientific and political challenges for an increasingly interconnected Europe and increasingly sustainable mobility.

Tunnels --- Highway tunnels --- Road tunnels --- Civil engineering --- Underground construction --- Fréjus Rail Tunnel (Bardonecchia, Italy, and Modane, France) --- Fréjus (France) --- Cottian Alps (France and Italy) --- Alpes Cottiennes (France and Italy) --- Alpi Cozie (France and Italy) --- Alps, Western --- Fréjus, France --- Mont Cenis Tunnel (Bardonecchia, Italy, and Modane, France) --- Traforo del Cenisio (Bardonecchia, Italy, and Modane, France) --- Road tunnels.

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Comparative studies of mountain areas have long been at the core of the discussion about the relations between nature and culture as well as on environmental and social change. This volume searches for ways to develop further critical comparative perspectives in the study of cultures in mountain areas by drawing inter- and transdisciplinary links amongst anthropology, geography, folklore studies, montology, and global history. Drawing on examples mostly from the Alps and the Andes, but also extending to the global mountains, the authors explore socioecological environments, historical and political processes, borderscapes, demographic dynamics, forms of domestic organization, rituals, religiosities, and human-non-humanrelations. Gli studi comparativi sulle aree montane sono da tempo al centro del dibattito sul rapporto tra natura e cultura e sui cambiamenti ecologici e sociali. Questo volume è alla ricerca di nuovi percorsi per sviluppare ulteriormente prospettive comparative critiche per lo studio delle culture delle aree montane, tracciando collegamenti inter- e transdisciplinari tra antropologia, geografia, studi di folklore, montologia e storia globale. Basandosi su esempi provenienti soprattutto dalle Alpi e dalle Ande, ma estendendo l’orizzonte anche ad altre regioni montane a livello globale, le autrici e gli autori esplorano ambienti socio-ecologici, processi storici e politici, paesaggi di confine, dinamiche demografiche, forme di organizzazione domestica, rituali, religiosità e relazioni tra umani e non-umani. Vergleichende Studien über Bergregionen stehen seit langem im Zentrum der Debatte über das Verhältnis zwischen Natur und Kultur sowie über den ökologischen und sozialen Wandel. Dieser Band sucht nach Wegen, kritische vergleichende Perspektiven in der Erforschung von Kulturen in Bergregionen weiterzuentwickeln, indem er inter- und transdisziplinäre Verbindungen zwischen Anthropologie, Geographie, Volkskunde, Montologie und (Welt-)Geschichte herstellt. Anhand von Beispielen vor allem aus den Alpen und den Anden, aber auch aus anderen Gebirgsregionen der Welt, untersuchen die Autor:innen sozioökologische Umwelten, historische und politische Prozesse, Grenzlandschaften, demografische Dynamiken, Formen der häuslichen Organisation, Rituale, Religiosität und Mensch-/Nicht-Mensch-Beziehungen.

Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography --- Mountain areas; comparative studies; Social & cultural Anthropology; Alps; Andes; Gebirgsregionen; vergleichende Studien; Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie; Alpen; Anden; aree di montagna; Antropologia sociale e culturale; Alpi; Ande

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In this paper on the distribution of carabids at high altitudes, the effect of Nature 2000 habitat and landform types in driving ground beetle (Carabidae) distribution at high altitudes in the Western Dolomites (Brenta group, Italy) was studied. Papers studying carabid beetles in forested habitats investigated the effect of different stand composition (pure oak stands, oak–pine mixed stands, single tree admixtures of oak in pine stands, and pure pine stands) on the abundance and spatial distribution of large-sized Carabus species, as well as the effect of forest type (broad-leaved deciduous forests vs. coniferous plantations) on the diversity and community composition of ground beetles; furthermore, the effect of various forest edges (natural vs. anthropogenic edges) on the abundance of ground beetles of different habitat affinity and dispersal power was examined. The paper on predation pressure aimed to explore the predation pressure on carabids using 3D-printed decoys installed in two types of forestry treatments, preparation cuts and clear cuts, and control plots in an oak–hornbeam forest.

biodiversity conservation --- temperate forests --- ground beetles --- ecological trait --- anthropogenic edges --- dispersal --- edge effect --- filter function --- forest interior --- forest specialist species --- invasion --- open-habitat species --- natural edges --- spillover --- mixed forests --- Carabidae --- activity density --- body size --- sex ratio --- aggregation index --- spatial effect zones --- Alps --- Dolomites --- geomorphology --- Nature 2000 --- rocky landforms --- species distribution --- 3D printing --- artificial prey --- behavior --- clear cut --- ecological trap --- preparation cut --- sentinel prey method

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In this paper on the distribution of carabids at high altitudes, the effect of Nature 2000 habitat and landform types in driving ground beetle (Carabidae) distribution at high altitudes in the Western Dolomites (Brenta group, Italy) was studied. Papers studying carabid beetles in forested habitats investigated the effect of different stand composition (pure oak stands, oak–pine mixed stands, single tree admixtures of oak in pine stands, and pure pine stands) on the abundance and spatial distribution of large-sized Carabus species, as well as the effect of forest type (broad-leaved deciduous forests vs. coniferous plantations) on the diversity and community composition of ground beetles; furthermore, the effect of various forest edges (natural vs. anthropogenic edges) on the abundance of ground beetles of different habitat affinity and dispersal power was examined. The paper on predation pressure aimed to explore the predation pressure on carabids using 3D-printed decoys installed in two types of forestry treatments, preparation cuts and clear cuts, and control plots in an oak–hornbeam forest.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- biodiversity conservation --- temperate forests --- ground beetles --- ecological trait --- anthropogenic edges --- dispersal --- edge effect --- filter function --- forest interior --- forest specialist species --- invasion --- open-habitat species --- natural edges --- spillover --- mixed forests --- Carabidae --- activity density --- body size --- sex ratio --- aggregation index --- spatial effect zones --- Alps --- Dolomites --- geomorphology --- Nature 2000 --- rocky landforms --- species distribution --- 3D printing --- artificial prey --- behavior --- clear cut --- ecological trap --- preparation cut --- sentinel prey method

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School management and organization. --- Education --- Academic freedom. --- Philosophy. --- Administration, Educational --- Educational administration --- Inspection of schools --- Operation policies, School --- Policies, School operation --- School administration --- School inspection --- School operation policies --- School organization --- Schools --- Management --- Organization --- Educational freedom --- Freedom, Academic --- Freedom of information --- Liberty --- Intellectual freedom --- Inspection --- Management and organization --- Llibertat acadèmica --- Europa --- Llibertat d'informació --- Llibertat d'ensenyament --- Autonomia universitària --- Estats i territoris --- Euràsia --- Alps --- Camí de Sant Jaume --- Corredor Mediterrani --- Danubi (Europa : Curs d'aigua) --- Europa central --- Europa de l'Est --- Europa del Nord --- Europa del Sud --- Europa occidental --- Països de la Unió Europea --- Rin (Europa : Curs d'aigua) --- Roine (Europa : Curs d'aigua) --- Tràcia (Regió històrica)