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The intestine is the largest digestive organ in the human body and one of the largest organs in contact with the outside world. In addition to digesting food to facilitate the absorption of nutrients, it has a variety of other functions, including the transmission of information and regulation of the metabolism. Due to its unique structure, the intestine is constantly exposed to various antigens and microbes. To protect the body from pathogens, while also maintaining a stable environment, the human intestinal tract has evolved unique regional immune characteristics maintained by the mature intestinal mucosal immune system. This intricate system involves intestinal epithelial cells, and intestinal lymphoid tissue composed of Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles, mesenteric lymph nodes, and so on. The congenital and adaptive immune mechanisms created by the unique structure, function, and microenvironment of the intestine differ from those of the central and peripheral immune organs forming the regional immunity of the intestine. Intestinal flora also plays an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, altering the structure and function of the immune system, reshaping the immune microenvironment, and promoting interference with the development of specific diseases. In fact, the immune function of the intestinal region directly affects the development of many intestine-specific diseases. However, the integrity of this function depends on the expression of congenital genes and the regulation of the neuroendocrine system. The microenvironment created by intestinal flora and its products also affects the immunity of the intestinal region. In early life, appropriate intestinal colonization by specific microflora stimulates the maturation of the intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. If the appropriate intestinal flora fails to form during this life stage, the function of the intestinal immune system becomes impaired, leading to increased incidence and/or morbidity of certain intestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and others.

Gastrointestinal system.

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Gastrointestinal system --- Surgery.

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This book discusses the effect of microbiota on human health and disease. The microbiome is a complex collection of microorganisms. The microbial community differs across body sites, driven by different environmental conditions, immunological factors, and interactions between microbial species. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, boosting immunity, and protecting against pathogenic microbes. This book addresses such topics as the pathogenesis and role of microbiota in disease, the relationship of the microbiome with obesity, the interactions of gut microbiota and the brain, and the development of functional foods fortified with probiotic microorganisms.

Prebiotics. --- Gastrointestinal system --- Microbiology.

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This book discusses the effect of microbiota on human health and disease. The microbiome is a complex collection of microorganisms. The microbial community differs across body sites, driven by different environmental conditions, immunological factors, and interactions between microbial species. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, boosting immunity, and protecting against pathogenic microbes. This book addresses such topics as the pathogenesis and role of microbiota in disease, the relationship of the microbiome with obesity, the interactions of gut microbiota and the brain, and the development of functional foods fortified with probiotic microorganisms.

Prebiotics. --- Gastrointestinal system --- Microbiology.

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This holistic approach to the microbiome and gut integrates the latest findings from Western medicine with Oriental medicine, allowing Oriental health practitioners to enhance their treatment. It describes how gut microbiome health is intricately linked with physical and mental wellness and includes advice on biome-friendly eating and recipes.

Gastrointestinal system --- Medicine, Oriental. --- Microbiology.