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This is the first extensive treatment of leading judicial institutions under Nazi rule in WWII. It focusses on all democratic countries under German occupation, and provides the details for answering questions like: how can law serve as an instrument of defence against an oppressive regime? Are the courts always the guardians of democracy and rule of law? What role was there for international law? How did the courts deal with dismissals, new appointees, new courts, forced German ordinances versus national law? How did judges justify their actions, help citizens, appease the enemy, protest against injustice? Experts from all democracies that were occupied by the Nazis paint vivid pictures of oppression, collaboration, and resistance. The results are interpreted in a socio-legal framework introducing the concept of ‘moral hygiene’ to explain the clash between normative and descriptive approaches in public opinion and scholarship concerning officials’ behaviour in war-time.

Courts of last resort --- World War, 1939-1945 --- HISTORY / Military / World War II. --- History --- Occupied territories. --- Judiciary, enemy occupation, second World War, National Socialism, collaboration. --- Courts, Supreme --- Last resort, Courts of --- Supreme courts --- Appellate procedure --- Courts --- Appellate courts --- Constitutional courts --- Collaborationists --- Territorial questions --- Underground movements