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The ability to exploit the potential of wild relatives carrying beneficial traits is a major goal in breeding programs. However, it relies on the possibility of the chromosomes from the crop and wild species in interspecific crosses to recognize, associate, and undergo crossover formation during meiosis, the cellular process responsible for producing gametes with half the genetic content of their parent cells. Unfortunately, in most cases, a barrier exists preventing successful hybridization between the wild and crop chromosomes. Understanding the mechanisms controlling chromosome associations during meiosis are of great interest in plant breeding and will allow chromosome manipulation to introduce genetic variability from related species into a crop. In addition to interspecific hybrids, other materials, such as natural and synthetic polyploids and introgression lines derived from allopolyploids, among others, are powerful tools in the framework of plant breeding. For example, an extra pair of alien chromosomes in the full genome complement of a crop species has been frequently used as a first step to access genetic variation from the secondary gene pool in breeding programs. In addition, such introgression lines are also pivotal in the study of interspecific genetic interactions, in the chromosomal location of genetic markers, and in the study of chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and meiotic cells. Contained in this Special Issue are accounts of original research, including new tools to identify chromosome introgressions and the development and characterization of introgression lines and interspecific hybrids carrying desirable agronomic traits for plant breeding purposes. Also included are reviews about the chromosome engineering of tropical cash crops and the effect of chromosome structure on chromosome associations and recombination during meiosis to allow chromosome manipulation in the framework of plant breeding.

fluorescence in situ hybridization --- mini-satellite --- tandem repeats --- wheat --- starch --- tritordeum --- waxy proteins --- wheat quality --- wild barley --- grain colour --- Hordeum chilense --- wheat introgression --- rye --- 5R dissection line --- PCR-based markers --- physical map --- stripe rust --- chromosome rearrangements --- meiotic recombination --- crossover distribution --- Triticeae --- barley --- anatomy --- citrus --- flow cytometry --- histogenic layer --- polyploidy breeding --- Aegilops --- centric breaks --- chromosome fusion --- Robertsonian translocations --- telosomic chromosomes --- triticale --- wheat bread-making gene --- introgression --- PCR markers --- tropical cash crops --- coffee --- cacao --- papaya --- chromosome engineering --- synthetic biology --- meiosis --- chromosome pairing --- non-homologous recombination --- cytogenetics --- alien chromosome --- polyploidy --- aneuploidy

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Epidemiological evidence from the last fifty years has demonstrated that nutrition plays a decisive role in human health. Eating properly is not only necessary to meet energy demands. It also actively contributes, through both preventive actions and therapeutic effects, to improving human wellness. Nutrition owes its functional role in human health to the biological activity of specific, small dietary molecules. Plants are the most important source of bioactive molecules, and dietary phytochemicals are mainly responsible for the documented protective effects of diets which are rich in plant foods. Dietary phytochemicals have attracted increasing interest in human nutrition research over the past few years due to their ability to exert several biological effects that are potentially useful for human health, In this Special Issue, the biological activity of dietary phytochemicals, either purified or in extracts from plant foods, and their potential effects on human health are addressed and investigated.

Research & information: general --- resveratrol --- bioactivities --- anticancer --- anti-obesity --- antidiabetes --- molecular mechanisms --- durum wheat bread --- Portulaca oleracea L. --- essential fatty acids --- omega-6/omega-3 ratio --- antioxidants --- Bangladesh --- vegetables --- polyphenols --- amylase --- glucosidase --- renin --- angiotensin-converting enzyme --- lipase --- mass spectrometry --- yeast --- antioxidant --- cytotoxicity --- bioavailability --- viability --- Punica granatum --- hydrolysable tannins --- flavonoids --- Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry --- tempura --- deep-fried product --- barley --- buckwheat --- Job's tears --- antioxidant capacity --- oil deterioration --- polyphenol --- oxidative stress --- necroptosis --- plant extract --- secondary metabolite --- γH2AX --- copper --- African food spices --- GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) --- antimicrobial --- antibiofilm --- violacein inhibition --- swarming inhibition --- swimming inhibition --- anticholinesterase --- antiurease --- antityrosinase --- sensory analysis --- mineral content --- proanthocyanidins --- carotenoids --- antioxidant activity --- FRAP --- DPPH --- ABTS --- CAA --- resveratrol --- bioactivities --- anticancer --- anti-obesity --- antidiabetes --- molecular mechanisms --- durum wheat bread --- Portulaca oleracea L. --- essential fatty acids --- omega-6/omega-3 ratio --- antioxidants --- Bangladesh --- vegetables --- polyphenols --- amylase --- glucosidase --- renin --- angiotensin-converting enzyme --- lipase --- mass spectrometry --- yeast --- antioxidant --- cytotoxicity --- bioavailability --- viability --- Punica granatum --- hydrolysable tannins --- flavonoids --- Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry --- tempura --- deep-fried product --- barley --- buckwheat --- Job's tears --- antioxidant capacity --- oil deterioration --- polyphenol --- oxidative stress --- necroptosis --- plant extract --- secondary metabolite --- γH2AX --- copper --- African food spices --- GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) --- antimicrobial --- antibiofilm --- violacein inhibition --- swarming inhibition --- swimming inhibition --- anticholinesterase --- antiurease --- antityrosinase --- sensory analysis --- mineral content --- proanthocyanidins --- carotenoids --- antioxidant activity --- FRAP --- DPPH --- ABTS --- CAA