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Fermented foods are consumed all over the world and their consumption shows an increasing trend. They play many roles, from preservation to food security, improved nutrition and social well-being. Different microorganisms are involved in the fermentation process and the diversity of the microbiome is high.Fermented foods are food substrates that are invaded or overgrown by edible microorganisms whose enzymes hydrolyze polysaccharides, proteins and lipids to nontoxic products with flavors, aromas, and textures that are pleasant and attractive to the human consumer. Fermentation plays different roles in food processing, including the development of a wide diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food, lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic acid, alkaline and high salt fermentations for food preservation purposes, biological enrichment of food substrates with vitamins, protein, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids and detoxification during food fermentation processing.

Technology: general issues --- fermented foods --- nutritional guidelines --- legislation --- national food guides --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- biomass --- date extract --- optimization --- response surface methodology --- kinetic models --- antifungal --- bioprotection --- bread --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- phenyllactic acid --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Fusarium --- sauerkraut --- microbiome --- fermentation --- probiotics --- high-throughput sequencing --- nutrition --- health benefits --- microbiology --- health --- fermented foods --- nutritional guidelines --- legislation --- national food guides --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- biomass --- date extract --- optimization --- response surface methodology --- kinetic models --- antifungal --- bioprotection --- bread --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- phenyllactic acid --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Fusarium --- sauerkraut --- microbiome --- fermentation --- probiotics --- high-throughput sequencing --- nutrition --- health benefits --- microbiology --- health

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The book entitled “Biodiversity of Marine Microbes” aims at highlighting the significance of marine microbes as primary producers, their contribution in complex ecological processes and their roles in biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning. The book includes five research papers covering the diversity and composition of marine microbial communities representing all three domains of life in various marine environments, including coastal eutrophic areas, ice waters, and lagoons. One paper examines the diversity and succession of bacterial and archaeal communities from coastal waters in mesocosm experiments. The combination of classical tools with novel technological advances implemented in the methods of the papers offered an opportunity to answer fundamental questions and shed light on the complex and diverse life of marine microbes.

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- nutrients --- HABs --- mucilaginous aggregates --- Noctiluca scintillans --- Dinophysis --- Mesodinium rubrum --- microbial food web --- bacteria --- nanoflagellates --- ciliates --- Taiwan Strait --- bacterial and archaea diversity --- light --- climate change --- phytoplankton blooms --- 454-pyrosequencing --- brackish --- dinoflagellates --- diatoms --- cyanobacteria --- transitional water bodies --- White Sea --- under-ice water --- picoeukaryotes --- Micromonas --- Mantoniella --- high-throughput sequencing --- metagenomics --- 18S rDNA --- algae --- prokaryotes --- microeukaryotes --- coastal eutrophic systems --- blooms

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The book entitled “Biodiversity of Marine Microbes” aims at highlighting the significance of marine microbes as primary producers, their contribution in complex ecological processes and their roles in biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning. The book includes five research papers covering the diversity and composition of marine microbial communities representing all three domains of life in various marine environments, including coastal eutrophic areas, ice waters, and lagoons. One paper examines the diversity and succession of bacterial and archaeal communities from coastal waters in mesocosm experiments. The combination of classical tools with novel technological advances implemented in the methods of the papers offered an opportunity to answer fundamental questions and shed light on the complex and diverse life of marine microbes.

nutrients --- HABs --- mucilaginous aggregates --- Noctiluca scintillans --- Dinophysis --- Mesodinium rubrum --- microbial food web --- bacteria --- nanoflagellates --- ciliates --- Taiwan Strait --- bacterial and archaea diversity --- light --- climate change --- phytoplankton blooms --- 454-pyrosequencing --- brackish --- dinoflagellates --- diatoms --- cyanobacteria --- transitional water bodies --- White Sea --- under-ice water --- picoeukaryotes --- Micromonas --- Mantoniella --- high-throughput sequencing --- metagenomics --- 18S rDNA --- algae --- prokaryotes --- microeukaryotes --- coastal eutrophic systems --- blooms

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Physostegia chlorotic mottle alphanucleorhabdovirus (PhCMoV) was first detected by High-Throughput Sequencing in 2014 in Austria. Subsequent multiple detections of the virus across Europe, together with severe associated symptoms and resulting yield losses on vegetable crops, suggest that this viral pathogen could be an emergent threat. Due to the recent discovery of this virus, very little is known about its biology. This is why this study tried to investigate the biological characteristics of PhCMoV, with the ultimate aim of evaluating the phytosanitary risk it may represent. To do so, trials were conducted to define the impact of PhCMoV on various greenhouse-grown and mechanically inoculated solanaceous hosts. PhCMoV was found to cause a 70% to 93% reduction of marketable yields of tomatoes inoculated at the 3.5-week stage, depending on the cultivar tested. Despite the total yield was sometimes affected, drops in marketable productions were mostly attributable to a downgrading of tomato fruits. Quality disorders on culls mainly resulted from uneven ripening, mottling, and various chlorotic patterns. While PhCMoV infection did not reduce the number of fruits per plant, the average weight of infected tomatoes was up to more than 40% lower than that of virus-free fruits. Overall, PhCMoV infection was also associated with impaired growth, vein clearing and deformation of leaves, irrespective of the host species. Nevertheless, plants may remain asymptomatic, sometimes until fruiting or regrowth development. Remarkably, the plant's developmental stage at the time of inoculation was proven to be of a considerable influence on the impact of the virus. Alongside those bioassays, sequences from tomato plants from diverse locations were subjected to bioinformatic processing and the whole genome of PhCMoV, when detected, was reconstituted. The purity of the isolate used as inoculation source was ensured and phylogenetic analyses suggested a low mutation rate of the virus, as seen for other viruses of this genus transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by their insect vector. Despite the latter is still unknown for PhCMoV, various leafhopper species found in PhCMoV-infected fields were identified by DNA barcoding, and some of them were subjected to a transmission assay. The results encourage further studies to focus on Anaceratagallia lithuanica and Eupteryx atropunctata as potential vectors. The considerable impact of this virus demonstrated in this trial underlines the crucial need for further research on this virus so that appropriate control strategies can be implemented in case of an outbreak of the disease. Le Physostegia chlorotic mottle alphanucleorhabdovirus (PhCMoV) a été détecté pour la première fois par séquençage à haut débit en 2014 en Autriche. Les multiples détections du virus à travers l'Europe dans les années qui ont suivies, ainsi que les graves symptômes associés et les pertes de rendement qui en résultent sur les cultures légumières, suggèrent que ce pathogène viral pourrait représenter une menace émergente. En raison de la découverte récente de ce virus, sa biologie est très peu connue. C'est pourquoi cette étude a tenté de mieux caractériser le PhCMoV, dans le but ultime d'évaluer le risque phytosanitaire qu'il pourrait représenter. Pour ce faire, des essais en serre ont été menés afin de définir l'impact du PhCMoV sur divers cultures hôtes de solanacées inoculées mécaniquement. Il a été constaté que le PhCMoV entraînait des pertes de 70% à 93% du rendement commercialisable de tomates inoculées au stade de 3.5 semaines, selon le cultivar testé. Les chutes de productions commercialisables étaient principalement attribuables à un déclassement des tomates, ainsi qu'à une à éventuelle réduction du rendement total. Alors que l'infection par le PhCMoV n'a pas réduit le nombre de fruits par plante, le poids moyen des tomates infectées était inférieur jusqu'à plus de 40% de celui des fruits exempts du virus. Les défauts de qualité des fruits invendables résultaient principalement d'un mûrissement inégal, de marbrures et de divers motifs chlorotiques. De manière globale, l'infection par PhCMoV était également associée à des anomalies de croissance, à un éclaircissement des nervures et à une déformation des feuilles, quelle que soit l'espèce hôte. Néanmoins, les plantes malades pouvaient rester asymptomatiques, parfois jusqu'à la fructification ou le développement de repousses. Par ailleurs, le stade de développement de la plante au moment de l'inoculation s'est révélé exercer une influence considérable sur l'impact du virus. Parallèlement à ces bio-essais, des séquences de plants de tomates provenant de divers sites ont été soumises à des analyses bio-informatiques et le génome entier du PhCMoV, lorsqu'il a été détecté, a été reconstitué. La pureté de l'isolat utilisé comme source d'inoculation a été assurée et des analyses phylogénétiques ont suggéré un faible taux de mutation du virus, comme observé pour les autres virus de ce genre dont le mode de transmission par vecteur est de type persistant multipliant. Bien que ce vecteur soit toujours inconnu, diverses espèces de cicadelles trouvées dans les champs infectés par le PhCMoV ont été identifiées par codage à barres de l'ADN, et certaines d'entre elles ont été soumises à un test de transmission. Les résultats encouragent les études futures à se concentrer sur Anaceratagallia lithuanica et Eupteryx atropunctata en tant que vecteurs potentiels. L'impact considérable de ce virus, démontré au cours de cet essai, souligne le besoin crucial de poursuivre les recherches sur ce virus, afin de pouvoir mettre en œuvre des stratégies de contrôle appropriées en cas d'épidémie.

PhCMoV --- Alphanucleorhabdovirus --- tomato --- eggplant --- symptomatology --- yield --- Cicadellidae --- DNA barcode --- cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 --- High-Throughput Sequencing --- PhCMoV --- Alphanucleorhabdovirus --- tomate --- symptomatologie --- rendement --- Cicadellidae --- Code-barres ADN --- cytochrome c oxydase sous-unité 1 --- Séquençage à haut débit --- aubergine --- Sciences du vivant > Microbiologie --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie --- Sciences du vivant > Entomologie & lutte antiravageur

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The book entitled “Biodiversity of Marine Microbes” aims at highlighting the significance of marine microbes as primary producers, their contribution in complex ecological processes and their roles in biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning. The book includes five research papers covering the diversity and composition of marine microbial communities representing all three domains of life in various marine environments, including coastal eutrophic areas, ice waters, and lagoons. One paper examines the diversity and succession of bacterial and archaeal communities from coastal waters in mesocosm experiments. The combination of classical tools with novel technological advances implemented in the methods of the papers offered an opportunity to answer fundamental questions and shed light on the complex and diverse life of marine microbes.

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- nutrients --- HABs --- mucilaginous aggregates --- Noctiluca scintillans --- Dinophysis --- Mesodinium rubrum --- microbial food web --- bacteria --- nanoflagellates --- ciliates --- Taiwan Strait --- bacterial and archaea diversity --- light --- climate change --- phytoplankton blooms --- 454-pyrosequencing --- brackish --- dinoflagellates --- diatoms --- cyanobacteria --- transitional water bodies --- White Sea --- under-ice water --- picoeukaryotes --- Micromonas --- Mantoniella --- high-throughput sequencing --- metagenomics --- 18S rDNA --- algae --- prokaryotes --- microeukaryotes --- coastal eutrophic systems --- blooms --- nutrients --- HABs --- mucilaginous aggregates --- Noctiluca scintillans --- Dinophysis --- Mesodinium rubrum --- microbial food web --- bacteria --- nanoflagellates --- ciliates --- Taiwan Strait --- bacterial and archaea diversity --- light --- climate change --- phytoplankton blooms --- 454-pyrosequencing --- brackish --- dinoflagellates --- diatoms --- cyanobacteria --- transitional water bodies --- White Sea --- under-ice water --- picoeukaryotes --- Micromonas --- Mantoniella --- high-throughput sequencing --- metagenomics --- 18S rDNA --- algae --- prokaryotes --- microeukaryotes --- coastal eutrophic systems --- blooms