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Access to infrastructure supports economic development through both capital accumulation and structural transformation. This paper investigates the links between investments in electricity, Internet, and road infrastructure, in isolation and bundled, and economic development in the Horn of Africa, a region that includes countries with different levels of infrastructure and economic development. Using data on the expansion of the road, electricity, and Internet networks over the past two decades, it provides reduced-form estimates of the impacts of infrastructure investments on the sectoral composition of employment. Bundled infrastructure investments cause different patterns of structural transformation than isolated infrastructure investments. The impact of bundled road and electricity investments on reducing the sectoral employment share in agriculture is found to be 2.5 times larger than the impact of roads alone. The paper then uses a spatial general equilibrium model to quantify the impacts of future regional Transport investments, bundled with electricity and trade facilitation measures, on economic development in countries in the Horn of Africa.

Electricity --- General Equilibrium Model --- Infrastructure --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure Investment --- Internet Access --- Road Infrastructure --- Roads and Highways --- Structural Transformation --- Transport --- Transport Corridor

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In an economy with substantial informality, a carbon tax can produce fiscal co-benefits that improve economic performance in addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. If the carbon tax revenues are used to cut production or labor taxes on formal firms, particularly those not in the energy sector, the cost of imposing the carbon tax is reduced, and there may even be net economic benefits. These tax cuts can also provide an incentive for informal firms to move to formal parts of the economy. This study confirms these hypotheses using a computable general equilibrium model for Cote d'Ivoire. However, the scale and even the sign of overall economic impacts and formal-informal sectoral interactions are sensitive to the scheme and scale of revenue recycling. The largest fiscal co-benefits, in terms of gross domestic product and economic welfare gains, would occur when the entire carbon tax revenue, after keeping the government revenue neutral, is used to cut existing labor or production taxes for non-energy formal firms. Reducing the existing value-added tax also increases gross domestic product and economic welfare, but without reducing the informality. The study also shows that energy producers should be exempted from using the carbon tax revenues to cut their production or labor taxes; otherwise, carbon dioxide reduction decreases due to a rebound effect. Although a carbon tax with lump-sum transfers of revenues is progressive, it would be economically inefficient because of gross domestic product and welfare reduction and lack of incentives to encourage informal activities to move to the formal parts of the economy.

Carbon Policy and Trading --- Carbon Tax --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- General Equilibrium Model --- Greenhouse Gas Emissions --- Informal Economy --- Informality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Tax Revenue --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies

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This paper explores the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements, focusing on the provisions they contain, beyond phasing out tariffs. Clustering 278 preferential trade agreements based on 906 provisions grouped into 18 policy areas, three clusters are obtained for which a trade elasticity to preferential trade agreement is estimated using structural gravity. A series of full general equilibrium counterfactual situations for endowment economies is simulated, revealing the economic impacts of deepening existing trade agreements and signing new ones-that is, the intensive and extensive margins of preferential trade agreements. The paper illustrates the method with a general deepening of existing preferential trade agreements worldwide. Focusing on the examples of the Latin America and the Caribbean and East Asia and Pacific regions, the paper shows that deepening preferential trade agreements leads to higher trade and welfare effects than signing new ones.

Deep Integration --- Deep Trade Agreement --- General Equilibrium Model --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Preferential Trade Agreements --- Structural Gravity --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy

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Over the past decades, inequality has risen not just in advanced economies but also in many emerging market and developing economies, becoming one of the key global policy challenges. And throughout the 20th century, Latin America was associated with some of the world’s highest levels of inequality. Yet something interesting happened in the first decade and a half of the 21st century. Latin America was the only region in the World to have experienced significant declines in inequality in that period. Poverty also fell in Latin America, although this was replicated in other regions, and Latin America started from a relatively low base. Starting around 2014, however, and even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, poverty and inequality gains had already slowed in Latin America and, in some cases, gone into reverse. And the COVID-19 shock, which is still playing out, is likely to dramatically worsen short-term poverty and inequality dynamics. Against this background, this departmental paper investigates the link between commodity prices, and poverty and inequality developments in Latin America.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Macroeconomics --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Investments: Commodities --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models --- Economywide Country Studies: Latin America --- Caribbean --- Commodity Markets --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Political economy --- International institutions --- Poverty & precarity --- Investment & securities --- Income inequality --- National accounts --- Income --- Poverty --- Commodities --- Income distribution --- Equilibrium --- Economics --- Commercial products --- Prices --- Iceland

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A wide variety of technologies and products have already become widespread in our society. However, policies have not been well-implemented to effectively reduce energy consumptions and CO2 emissions by promoting low-carbon technologies and products. This Special Issue focuses on studies targeting specific products (e.g., motor vehicle, household dishwashers, etc.) and/or technologies (e.g., information and communication technology, transport technology, CO2 capture technology, etc.) and quantifying resource and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions associated with products and technology systems using the reliable inventory database. Thus, this Special Issue provides important studies on how demand- and supply-side policies can contribute to reducing energy consumptions and CO2 emissions from consumption- and production-based perspectives.

History of engineering & technology --- lifecycle analysis --- CAFE standards --- fuel economy --- automobile manufacture --- carbon footprint --- hybrid MRIO --- SDA --- energy saving --- energy composition --- China --- information and communications technology --- productivity --- renewable energy --- energy sector --- distributed energy system --- resource security --- domestic mineral production --- input-output analysis --- environmental assessment --- transition --- low carbon technologies --- low carbon transition --- decarbonisation --- zero carbon --- air pollution --- diesel ban --- electric vehicles --- transport policy --- transport planning --- London --- CO2 emissions --- household consumption --- index decomposition analysis --- structural decomposition analysis --- aging society --- Japan --- CO2 capture --- thermal power plants --- oxyfuel combustion --- allam cycle --- post-combustion --- pre-combustion --- energy efficiency policy --- household appliances --- eco-design --- energy labelling --- indirect impacts --- general equilibrium model --- FIDELIO model --- road transport --- low carbon scenario --- GHG mitigation measures --- cost-benefit --- mitigation cost --- financing --- climate change --- energy-saving --- attitude --- Big Five --- personality traits --- office --- household --- pro-environment