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Iron–sulfur (FeS) centers are essential protein cofactors in all forms of life. They are involved in many key biological processes. In particular, Fe-S centers not only serve as enzyme cofactors in catalysis and electron transfer, they are also indispensable for the biosynthesis of complex metal-containing cofactors. Among these cofactors are the molybdenum (Moco) and tungsten (Wco) cofactors. Both Moco/Wco biosynthesis and Fe-S cluster assembly are highly conserved among all kingdoms of life. After formation, Fe-S clusters are transferred to carrier proteins, which insert them into recipient apo-proteins. Moco/Wco cofactors are composed of a tricyclic pterin compound, with the metal coordinated to its unique dithiolene group. Moco/Wco biosynthesis starts with an Fe-S cluster-dependent step involving radical/S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) chemistry. The current lack of knowledge of the connection of the assembly/biosynthesis of complex metal-containing cofactors is due to the sheer complexity of their synthesis with regard to both the (genetic) regulation and (chemical) metal center assembly. Studies on these metal-cofactors/cofactor-containing enzymes are important for understanding fundamental cellular processes. They will also provide a comprehensive view of the complex biosynthesis and the catalytic mechanism of metalloenzymes that underlie metal-related human diseases.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- CO dehydrogenase --- dihydrogen --- hydrogenase --- quantum/classical modeling --- density functional theory --- metal–dithiolene --- pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes --- fold-angle --- tungsten enzymes --- electronic structure --- pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect --- thione --- molybdenum cofactor --- Moco --- mixed-valence complex --- dithiolene ligand --- tetra-nuclear nickel complex --- X-ray structure --- magnetic moment --- formate hydrogenlyase --- hydrogen metabolism --- energy conservation --- MRP (multiple resistance and pH)-type Na+/H+ antiporter --- CCCP—carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone --- EIPA—5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride --- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) --- electron transfer --- enzyme kinetics --- enzyme structure --- formate dehydrogenase --- carbon assimilation --- Moco biosynthesis --- Fe-S cluster assembly --- l-cysteine desulfurase --- ISC --- SUF --- NIF --- iron --- molybdenum --- sulfur --- tungsten cofactor --- aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase --- benzoyl-CoA reductase --- acetylene hydratase --- [Fe]-hydrogenase --- FeGP cofactor --- guanylylpyridinol --- conformational changes --- X-ray crystallography --- iron-sulfur cluster --- persulfide --- metallocofactor --- frataxin --- Friedreich’s ataxia --- n/a --- metal-dithiolene --- pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect --- CCCP-carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone --- EIPA-5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride --- Friedreich's ataxia

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This is a Special Issue of Metals devoted to aspects of Advances in Mineral Processing and Hydrometallurgy. This includes a global call for article submissions that also included Characterization along with Recycling and Waste Minimization. As such, both primary and recycled aspects will be considered. Possible specific topics included Mineralogy, Geometallurgy, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Comminution, Classification, Physical Separations, Liquid–Solid Separations, Leaching, Solvent Extraction, Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon, Precipitation, Reduction, Process Economics and Process Control. Suggested application areas were in Gold, Silver, PGM’s, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, and Titanium. Critical Metals articles on topics such as Lithium, Antimony Tellurium, Gallium, Germanium, Cobalt, Graphite, Indium, and Rare Earth were also welcome. As such, this Special Issue of Metals was well supported by diverse submissions and the final publication of high-quality peer-reviewed articles.

Technology: general issues --- BOS filter cakes --- butyric acid --- selective leaching --- leaching behaviors --- zinc --- iron --- chalcocite --- sulphide leaching --- copper --- reusing water --- desalination residue --- ecological treatment --- leaching --- black copper ore --- copper wad --- copper pitch --- comminution --- grinding circuit --- Swebrec function --- size distribution models --- modelling --- lateritic ore --- iron and steelmaking wastes --- alkalis --- aqueous treatment --- waste treatment --- reducing agent --- manganese --- viscoelasticity --- quartz --- kaolin --- seawater --- magnesium precipitates --- chalcopyrite concentrate --- hydrogen peroxide --- sulfuric acid --- leaching kinetics --- copper tailings --- rheology --- fractal aggregates --- thickening --- MnO2 --- acid media --- ANOVA --- dissolution --- arsenic --- trisulfide --- copper sulfate --- kinetics --- shrinking core model --- time-to-a-given-fraction kinetics analysis --- silica recovery --- column flotation --- mining waste --- waste reprocessing --- CuFeS2 --- chloride media --- manganese nodules --- thiosulfate --- gold leaching --- silver leaching --- kinetic analysis --- sedimentary ore --- diffusion control --- mixed control --- chalcopyrite --- ionic liquid --- bromide --- seawater flotation --- pyrite depression --- guar gum --- FBRM --- clay-based copper tailings --- fractal dimension --- mixing intensity --- population balance model --- seawater flocculation --- platinum-group metal --- metal precipitation --- ion-pair --- aliphatic primary amine --- hydrochloric acid --- enhanced flocculation --- water recovering --- magnesium removal --- shredded waste printed circuit boards --- precious metals --- bromine --- platinum group elements --- catalytic converters --- acidic fusion --- acidic leaching --- sulfation --- n/a --- nitrate --- gas scrubbing --- recovery --- gold --- refractory --- nitric acid --- microwave --- coal fly ash --- sandy grade alumina --- AlCl3·6H2O --- crystallization --- salting-out method --- gibbsite --- precipitation --- electric arc furnace dust --- monosodium glutamate --- ammonia leaching --- high-pressure leaching --- copper extraction --- silver extraction --- desilication --- malachite --- carbonate --- ammonium hydroxide --- heterogeneous model --- rare earth elements --- NdFeB permanent magnet --- hydrometallurgical --- electrodialysis (ED) --- lithium --- lithium-ion battery --- lithium sulfate --- multistage concentration (MSC) --- gold cyanide leaching --- sulfide minerals --- SART process --- cyanidation --- activated carbon --- metal–cyanide complex --- copper ore --- carbon in pulp (CIP), agitated tank --- cyanide complexes --- metal-cyanide complex

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This is a Special Issue of Metals devoted to aspects of Advances in Mineral Processing and Hydrometallurgy. This includes a global call for article submissions that also included Characterization along with Recycling and Waste Minimization. As such, both primary and recycled aspects will be considered. Possible specific topics included Mineralogy, Geometallurgy, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Comminution, Classification, Physical Separations, Liquid–Solid Separations, Leaching, Solvent Extraction, Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon, Precipitation, Reduction, Process Economics and Process Control. Suggested application areas were in Gold, Silver, PGM’s, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, and Titanium. Critical Metals articles on topics such as Lithium, Antimony Tellurium, Gallium, Germanium, Cobalt, Graphite, Indium, and Rare Earth were also welcome. As such, this Special Issue of Metals was well supported by diverse submissions and the final publication of high-quality peer-reviewed articles.

Technology: general issues --- BOS filter cakes --- butyric acid --- selective leaching --- leaching behaviors --- zinc --- iron --- chalcocite --- sulphide leaching --- copper --- reusing water --- desalination residue --- ecological treatment --- leaching --- black copper ore --- copper wad --- copper pitch --- comminution --- grinding circuit --- Swebrec function --- size distribution models --- modelling --- lateritic ore --- iron and steelmaking wastes --- alkalis --- aqueous treatment --- waste treatment --- reducing agent --- manganese --- viscoelasticity --- quartz --- kaolin --- seawater --- magnesium precipitates --- chalcopyrite concentrate --- hydrogen peroxide --- sulfuric acid --- leaching kinetics --- copper tailings --- rheology --- fractal aggregates --- thickening --- MnO2 --- acid media --- ANOVA --- dissolution --- arsenic --- trisulfide --- copper sulfate --- kinetics --- shrinking core model --- time-to-a-given-fraction kinetics analysis --- silica recovery --- column flotation --- mining waste --- waste reprocessing --- CuFeS2 --- chloride media --- manganese nodules --- thiosulfate --- gold leaching --- silver leaching --- kinetic analysis --- sedimentary ore --- diffusion control --- mixed control --- chalcopyrite --- ionic liquid --- bromide --- seawater flotation --- pyrite depression --- guar gum --- FBRM --- clay-based copper tailings --- fractal dimension --- mixing intensity --- population balance model --- seawater flocculation --- platinum-group metal --- metal precipitation --- ion-pair --- aliphatic primary amine --- hydrochloric acid --- enhanced flocculation --- water recovering --- magnesium removal --- shredded waste printed circuit boards --- precious metals --- bromine --- platinum group elements --- catalytic converters --- acidic fusion --- acidic leaching --- sulfation --- nitrate --- gas scrubbing --- recovery --- gold --- refractory --- nitric acid --- microwave --- coal fly ash --- sandy grade alumina --- AlCl3·6H2O --- crystallization --- salting-out method --- gibbsite --- precipitation --- electric arc furnace dust --- monosodium glutamate --- ammonia leaching --- high-pressure leaching --- copper extraction --- silver extraction --- desilication --- malachite --- carbonate --- ammonium hydroxide --- heterogeneous model --- rare earth elements --- NdFeB permanent magnet --- hydrometallurgical --- electrodialysis (ED) --- lithium --- lithium-ion battery --- lithium sulfate --- multistage concentration (MSC) --- gold cyanide leaching --- sulfide minerals --- SART process --- cyanidation --- activated carbon --- metal-cyanide complex --- copper ore --- carbon in pulp (CIP), agitated tank --- cyanide complexes --- BOS filter cakes --- butyric acid --- selective leaching --- leaching behaviors --- zinc --- iron --- chalcocite --- sulphide leaching --- copper --- reusing water --- desalination residue --- ecological treatment --- leaching --- black copper ore --- copper wad --- copper pitch --- comminution --- grinding circuit --- Swebrec function --- size distribution models --- modelling --- lateritic ore --- iron and steelmaking wastes --- alkalis --- aqueous treatment --- waste treatment --- reducing agent --- manganese --- viscoelasticity --- quartz --- kaolin --- seawater --- magnesium precipitates --- chalcopyrite concentrate --- hydrogen peroxide --- sulfuric acid --- leaching kinetics --- copper tailings --- rheology --- fractal aggregates --- thickening --- MnO2 --- acid media --- ANOVA --- dissolution --- arsenic --- trisulfide --- copper sulfate --- kinetics --- shrinking core model --- time-to-a-given-fraction kinetics analysis --- silica recovery --- column flotation --- mining waste --- waste reprocessing --- CuFeS2 --- chloride media --- manganese nodules --- thiosulfate --- gold leaching --- silver leaching --- kinetic analysis --- sedimentary ore --- diffusion control --- mixed control --- chalcopyrite --- ionic liquid --- bromide --- seawater flotation --- pyrite depression --- guar gum --- FBRM --- clay-based copper tailings --- fractal dimension --- mixing intensity --- population balance model --- seawater flocculation --- platinum-group metal --- metal precipitation --- ion-pair --- aliphatic primary amine --- hydrochloric acid --- enhanced flocculation --- water recovering --- magnesium removal --- shredded waste printed circuit boards --- precious metals --- bromine --- platinum group elements --- catalytic converters --- acidic fusion --- acidic leaching --- sulfation --- nitrate --- gas scrubbing --- recovery --- gold --- refractory --- nitric acid --- microwave --- coal fly ash --- sandy grade alumina --- AlCl3·6H2O --- crystallization --- salting-out method --- gibbsite --- precipitation --- electric arc furnace dust --- monosodium glutamate --- ammonia leaching --- high-pressure leaching --- copper extraction --- silver extraction --- desilication --- malachite --- carbonate --- ammonium hydroxide --- heterogeneous model --- rare earth elements --- NdFeB permanent magnet --- hydrometallurgical --- electrodialysis (ED) --- lithium --- lithium-ion battery --- lithium sulfate --- multistage concentration (MSC) --- gold cyanide leaching --- sulfide minerals --- SART process --- cyanidation --- activated carbon --- metal-cyanide complex --- copper ore --- carbon in pulp (CIP), agitated tank --- cyanide complexes

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The Special Issue “Molecules from Side Reactions” is a collection of papers reporting on the synthesis and characterization of the molecules that come from unexpected synthetic routes. This is the first example of a Special Issue based on such a topic, notwithstanding that all synthetic chemists have isolated a side product during a chemical reaction. Instead of continuing to store the side products in the freezer, I have thought to give them the dignity of publication, making them available to the scientific community. The short manuscripts collected here respect the principle of “one compound per paper” and have the purpose of preserving the molecular diversity deriving from a chemical reaction. The molecular scaffolds are unexpected and intriguing, and could be useful starting points or intermediates for exploring novel reactions.

oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N–C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C–H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N′-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2′-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation --- n/a --- N-C bond cleavage --- C-H bond functionalization --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine

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The Special Issue “Molecules from Side Reactions” is a collection of papers reporting on the synthesis and characterization of the molecules that come from unexpected synthetic routes. This is the first example of a Special Issue based on such a topic, notwithstanding that all synthetic chemists have isolated a side product during a chemical reaction. Instead of continuing to store the side products in the freezer, I have thought to give them the dignity of publication, making them available to the scientific community. The short manuscripts collected here respect the principle of “one compound per paper” and have the purpose of preserving the molecular diversity deriving from a chemical reaction. The molecular scaffolds are unexpected and intriguing, and could be useful starting points or intermediates for exploring novel reactions.

History of engineering & technology --- oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N-C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C-H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation --- oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N-C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C-H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation