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Addiction in its various forms represents an enormous challenge to society. Worldwide, it has been estimated that alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs were responsible of more than 10 million deaths (Anderson et al, 2018), with a higher impact in developed countries where substance use disorders have been identified as responsible for life expectancy reversals (Rehm et al, 2016). Societal and medical responses to the problem are far from optimal, but the appearance of new technologies offers room for improvement, and lots of new initiatives have been launched and developed. In this Special Issue, we will describe and discuss how these new tools are helping to improve the assessment and treatment of substance use disorders. We will cover a wide variety of novelties that are being applied to addiction; e-health, APPs, digital phenotyping, ecological momentary assessment and interventions, wearable technology, computer-assisted tests, transcraneal magnetic stimulation, and virtual reality are just some examples of developments in a field that promises to create a real revolution in the assessment and treatment of addictions.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- addiction --- memory --- assessment --- substance use disorder --- internet gaming disorder --- semi-structured diagnostic interview --- psychometric properties --- adolescents --- drinking reduction --- nalmefene --- phase-IV trial --- 6 months --- observational --- gambling disorder (GD) --- cocaine use disorder (CUD) --- craving --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) --- Gambling-Symptoms Assessment Scale (G-SAS) --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) --- alcohol dependence --- transdermal sensor --- attitudes --- stigma --- cerebellum --- cannabis --- implicit motor learning --- motor adaptation --- visuomotor rotation --- cannabidiol --- CBD --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- substance use disorders --- alternative reward --- cue exposure --- animal and computational models --- behavioral control --- craving and relapse --- habit formation --- ALCO-VR --- virtual reality --- cue-exposure --- alcohol use disorder --- alcohol craving --- anxiety --- social drinkers --- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer --- amygdala --- alcohol --- polygenic risk --- high risk drinkers --- treatment --- assessment instruments --- digital health --- reward --- transgenic mice --- optogenetics --- self-administration --- cocaine --- amphetamine

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Addiction in its various forms represents an enormous challenge to society. Worldwide, it has been estimated that alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs were responsible of more than 10 million deaths (Anderson et al, 2018), with a higher impact in developed countries where substance use disorders have been identified as responsible for life expectancy reversals (Rehm et al, 2016). Societal and medical responses to the problem are far from optimal, but the appearance of new technologies offers room for improvement, and lots of new initiatives have been launched and developed. In this Special Issue, we will describe and discuss how these new tools are helping to improve the assessment and treatment of substance use disorders. We will cover a wide variety of novelties that are being applied to addiction; e-health, APPs, digital phenotyping, ecological momentary assessment and interventions, wearable technology, computer-assisted tests, transcraneal magnetic stimulation, and virtual reality are just some examples of developments in a field that promises to create a real revolution in the assessment and treatment of addictions.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- addiction --- memory --- assessment --- substance use disorder --- internet gaming disorder --- semi-structured diagnostic interview --- psychometric properties --- adolescents --- drinking reduction --- nalmefene --- phase-IV trial --- 6 months --- observational --- gambling disorder (GD) --- cocaine use disorder (CUD) --- craving --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) --- Gambling-Symptoms Assessment Scale (G-SAS) --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) --- alcohol dependence --- transdermal sensor --- attitudes --- stigma --- cerebellum --- cannabis --- implicit motor learning --- motor adaptation --- visuomotor rotation --- cannabidiol --- CBD --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- substance use disorders --- alternative reward --- cue exposure --- animal and computational models --- behavioral control --- craving and relapse --- habit formation --- ALCO-VR --- virtual reality --- cue-exposure --- alcohol use disorder --- alcohol craving --- anxiety --- social drinkers --- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer --- amygdala --- alcohol --- polygenic risk --- high risk drinkers --- treatment --- assessment instruments --- digital health --- reward --- transgenic mice --- optogenetics --- self-administration --- cocaine --- amphetamine

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Over the years, there has been increasing interest into the public health impact of cannabis use, especially by young adults. This follows the evidence of a growing prevalence of regular cannabis use worldwide, with approximately 200 million users. Recreational cannabis use, especially a frequent use of products with high levels of its main psychoactive ingredient delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC), can cause dependence and have transient and long-lasting detrimental mental health effects, also negatively impacting cognitive processing and brain function and metabolism. In regular users, the development of tolerance to some of the effects of cannabis, especially the pleasurable ones, may lead to progressively heavier use in order to obtain the same effects in terms of their intensity, with higher health risks. However, the Cannabis Sativa plant contains different chemicals with different potential effects. In this regard, cannabidiol has gained interest because of its potential therapeutic properties, in line with evidence that CBD and Δ9-THC may exhibit opposite effects at the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), Δ9-THC being a partial agonist and CBD an antagonist/inverse agonist. Different cannabinoids may modulate human brain function and behavior in different ways, with different risk–benefit profiles.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol --- placebo --- cannabis-associated psychosis --- schizophrenia --- BDNF --- CB1 --- CB2 --- episodic memory --- exercise --- African American --- black --- older adult --- marijuana use --- cannabis use disorder --- cue reactivity --- craving --- inhibitory control --- frontal alpha asymmetry --- EEG --- cannabinoids --- cannabis use --- psychotic disorder --- genetics --- age of onset --- clinical high risk --- cannabis --- memory --- functional magnetic resonance imaging --- THC --- systematic review --- gyrification --- surface area --- cortical surface structure --- aerobic fitness --- gender --- endocannabinoid system --- executive functions --- problematic cannabis use --- triple network --- EEG functional connectivity --- eLORETA --- resting state --- Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol --- dronabinol --- marijuana --- randomized controlled trial --- opioids --- traumatic injury --- alcohol --- adolescents --- fMRI --- interoception --- negative reinforcement --- migraine: chronic pain --- triptans --- disability --- n/a

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Over the years, there has been increasing interest into the public health impact of cannabis use, especially by young adults. This follows the evidence of a growing prevalence of regular cannabis use worldwide, with approximately 200 million users. Recreational cannabis use, especially a frequent use of products with high levels of its main psychoactive ingredient delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC), can cause dependence and have transient and long-lasting detrimental mental health effects, also negatively impacting cognitive processing and brain function and metabolism. In regular users, the development of tolerance to some of the effects of cannabis, especially the pleasurable ones, may lead to progressively heavier use in order to obtain the same effects in terms of their intensity, with higher health risks. However, the Cannabis Sativa plant contains different chemicals with different potential effects. In this regard, cannabidiol has gained interest because of its potential therapeutic properties, in line with evidence that CBD and Δ9-THC may exhibit opposite effects at the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), Δ9-THC being a partial agonist and CBD an antagonist/inverse agonist. Different cannabinoids may modulate human brain function and behavior in different ways, with different risk–benefit profiles.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol --- placebo --- cannabis-associated psychosis --- schizophrenia --- BDNF --- CB1 --- CB2 --- episodic memory --- exercise --- African American --- black --- older adult --- marijuana use --- cannabis use disorder --- cue reactivity --- craving --- inhibitory control --- frontal alpha asymmetry --- EEG --- cannabinoids --- cannabis use --- psychotic disorder --- genetics --- age of onset --- clinical high risk --- cannabis --- memory --- functional magnetic resonance imaging --- THC --- systematic review --- gyrification --- surface area --- cortical surface structure --- aerobic fitness --- gender --- endocannabinoid system --- executive functions --- problematic cannabis use --- triple network --- EEG functional connectivity --- eLORETA --- resting state --- Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol --- dronabinol --- marijuana --- randomized controlled trial --- opioids --- traumatic injury --- alcohol --- adolescents --- fMRI --- interoception --- negative reinforcement --- migraine: chronic pain --- triptans --- disability

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Eating disorders (ED) are a group of mental disorders characterized by an altered food intake and the presence of inappropriate behaviors and thoughts about weight and shape. All EDs lead to physical and psychosocial functioning impairments in the patients which, in turn, may contribute to the persistence of the disease. The severity of EDs has been highlighted by their chronicity, medical complications, comorbidity, and high rates of mortality. Therefore, to address this important health issue, the current Special Issue collected 21 articles (i.e., three reviews and 18 research articles) focusing on the most recent and relevant scientific findings regarding advances in ED, such as genetic and epigenetic factors, biomarkers, comorbidity, clinical phenotypes, neurocognition, treatment predictors, and treatment models and therapeutic targets. Altogether, we believe that the articles contained in this Special Issue have largely achieved the initial objective of providing increased knowledge about the pathogenesis, the risk factors, the maintenance factors, and the most appropriate treatments tools for ED.

anorexia nervosa --- cognitive interpersonal model --- severe enduring --- physical activity --- accelerometry --- weight gain --- eating disorders --- malnutrition --- neuroimaging --- fractal dimension --- cortical complexity --- food craving --- food addiction --- emotion regulation --- event related potentials --- EEG --- neurophysiology --- psychopathology --- ASD --- comorbidity --- emotion recognition --- attention --- sensory sensitivity --- autism --- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) --- body mass index --- disordered eating behaviors --- disordered eating cognitions --- polygenic scores --- non-suicidal self-injury --- temperament --- eating disorder --- adolescence --- nocturnal eating syndrome --- sleep-related eating disorder --- parasomnia --- delayed sleep-wake phase --- MUPS --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- MRS --- insula --- glutamate --- N-acetylaspartate --- NAA --- epigenetics --- bulimia nervosa --- DNA methylation --- gene-environment interactions --- caloric intake --- refeeding syndrome --- refeeding protocol --- children and adolescents --- parents --- carers --- intervention --- workshop --- online intervention --- alcohol and/or drug abuse --- substance use disorder --- executive functions --- impulsivity --- emotional dysregulation --- deep brain stimulation --- psychosurgery --- clinical trial --- subcallosal cingulate --- nucleus accumbens --- high expressed emotion --- caregivers --- dance students --- disordered eating attitudes --- Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) --- mesomorphy --- ectomorphy --- Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis --- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder --- ADHD --- longitudinal --- treatment outcome --- dropout --- rTMS --- treatment --- anorexia --- bulimia --- binge eating disorders --- restrictive anorexia nervosa --- weight recovery --- animal models --- acyl-ghrelin --- desacyl-ghrelin --- chronic food restriction --- virtual reality --- fear of gaining weight --- body anxiety --- body image disturbances --- body-related attentional bias --- n/a