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The subject of the dissertation is church asylum under the 2015 agreement of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) and the Christian churches. The main legal, as well as actual differences to the granting of church asylum since the end of the 1980s are elaborated. The effects of the BAMF-church agreement and the subsequently implemented dossier procedure on the "legal problems" of church asylum are analyzed. This makes it possible to answer whether a legalization of church asylum - already feared 30 years ago - has occurred. In the result no legalization can be recognized, but a so far unknown degree of formalization. The state-provided hardship procedure for refugees in church asylum restricts the legitimacy of any sanctions or eliminates them altogether and shifts the burden of justification in other ways as well. This leads to new or changed consequences of church asylum under simple law.

Church attendance.

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Across many low- and middle-income countries, a sizable share of young people drop out of school before completing a full course of basic education. Early warning systems that accurately identify students at risk of dropout and support them with targeted interventions have shown results and are in widespread use in high-income contexts. This paper presents impact evaluation results from an early warning system pilot program in Guatemala, a middle-income country where nearly 40 percent of sixth graders drop out before completing ninth grade. The pilot program, which was implemented in 17 percent of Guatemala's primary schools and largely leveraging existing government resources, reduced the dropout rate in the transition from primary to lower secondary school by 4 percent (1.3 percentage points) among schools assigned to the program, and by 9 percent (3 percentage points) among program compliers. Although the effect size is relatively modest, the low cost of the program (estimated at less than US$3 per student) and successful implementation at scale make this a promising and cost-effective approach for reducing dropout in resource-constrained contexts like Guatemala.

School attendance. --- Dropouts.

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Mentoring --- Student assistance programs --- Student growth (Academic achievement) --- School attendance --- Mentorat --- Fréquentation scolaire --- United States.

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This paper analyzes the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on children's school resilience. Using an individual fixed-effect linear probability model on Nigeria data, it exploits the quasi-randomness of these measures to estimate their effect on school attendance after the lockdown was lifted. The results show that COVID-19 lockdown measures reduced children's probability of attending school after the school system reopened. This negative impact increased with children's age, reaching a peak among those whose education was no longer compulsory. For schoolchildren in that age group, the negative effect of COVID-19 lockdown measures is likely to be permanent, which, if not reversed, will undermine the quality of the economy-wide future labor force. The paper also finds evidence that in the child marriage-prone North-West part of Nigeria that these measures increased gender inequality in education among children aged 12 to 18. This result suggests that COVID-19 lockdown measures may exacerbate harmful traditional practices such as child marriage.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Access To Education --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Distance Learning --- Dropout Rate --- Education --- Education For All --- Educational Technology and Distance Education --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Gender --- Gender and Education --- Gender Equity --- Gender Inequality --- Lockdown --- Remote Learning --- School Attendance --- School Closure

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Participation, defined as involvement in life situations, is important for children’s health and development. This Special Issue advances the knowledge about participation interventions and outcomes for children with disabilities in different settings and includes the perspectives of clinicians, families, and children. This is a collection of research from across the globe that advances knowledge in the following areas: - Participation interventions; - Measurement/assessment of participation outcomes; - Participation of special populations (i.e., ABI, ADHD, and ASD); and - Impact of participation on health and well being.

Medicine --- social participation --- adolescence --- intervention --- autism spectrum disorder --- participation --- environment --- social communication --- childhood --- disability --- measurement --- children --- social support --- family support survey --- intellectual disabilities --- low- and middle-income country --- attendance --- children with intellectual disabilities --- self-report --- Picture my Participation --- activities of daily living --- proxy report --- India --- South Africa --- occupational performance coaching --- community participation --- health-related quality of life --- Hong Kong --- preschool-aged children --- developmental disability --- longitudinal study --- physical disabilities --- inclusion --- mental health --- participation interventions --- knowledge translation --- acquired brain injury --- occupational therapy --- daily activities performance --- executive function deficit (EFD) --- home --- school --- community --- supportive factor --- structural equation modelling --- children and youth --- ADHD --- frequency --- involvement --- well-being --- rehabilitation --- PEM-CY --- cultural adaptation --- pediatric --- patient-report --- parent-report --- concept --- mental health problems --- wellbeing --- social participation --- adolescence --- intervention --- autism spectrum disorder --- participation --- environment --- social communication --- childhood --- disability --- measurement --- children --- social support --- family support survey --- intellectual disabilities --- low- and middle-income country --- attendance --- children with intellectual disabilities --- self-report --- Picture my Participation --- activities of daily living --- proxy report --- India --- South Africa --- occupational performance coaching --- community participation --- health-related quality of life --- Hong Kong --- preschool-aged children --- developmental disability --- longitudinal study --- physical disabilities --- inclusion --- mental health --- participation interventions --- knowledge translation --- acquired brain injury --- occupational therapy --- daily activities performance --- executive function deficit (EFD) --- home --- school --- community --- supportive factor --- structural equation modelling --- children and youth --- ADHD --- frequency --- involvement --- well-being --- rehabilitation --- PEM-CY --- cultural adaptation --- pediatric --- patient-report --- parent-report --- concept --- mental health problems --- wellbeing