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“One Health” is defined as an approach to achieve better health outcomes for humans, animals, and the environment through collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts. The One Health framework is increasingly being applied to the management, control, and even elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), a set of infectious diseases that, collectively, affect more than one billion people across almost 150 countries. NTDs are some of the most common infections in the world; they cause substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in regions with little access to medical care and other resources. Although there is increasing recognition of the major public health threat presented by NTDs, the ecological complexities of their transmission continue to pose challenges for their control and elimination. Some NTDs are zoonotic, meaning that they can be transmitted between humans and animals and, as such, present obstacles for public health and veterinary services in addition to concerns for wildlife conservation. Vector-borne NTDs necessitate measures that integrate consideration of the environment into public health strategies in order to sustainably reduce disease transmission. This book presents a collection of papers that explore various aspects of how the One Health concept is being applied to NTD control around the world, from genomics and diagnostic tools to improved surveillance and disease management. Encompassing research from Central America, the Caribbean, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, the collection emphasizes the diversity of NTDs as well as the critical importance of multisectoral collaboration for their control and elimination.

biosecurity --- climate change impact --- One Health --- genome --- sequencing --- infectious disease --- post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) --- point-of-need diagnosis --- DNA extraction --- recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) --- real-time PCR --- trypanosomiasis --- control --- management --- Zambia --- Toxocara --- toxocariasis --- zoonosis --- seroepidemiology --- neglected tropical diseases --- Honduras --- Schistosoma mansoni --- Giardia duodenalis --- water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) --- Uganda --- animal health --- Dracunculus medinensis --- guinea worm --- human health --- one health --- zoonoses --- stray dogs --- Pasteur Institute --- vaccination --- colonial --- British India --- Civil Veterinary Department --- chagas disease --- Trypanosoma cruzi --- triatomine bugs --- Panstrongylus geniculatus --- Rhodnius pictipes --- Trinidad and Tobago --- West Indies --- vector host-feeding preferences --- blood meal analysis --- n/a --- canine rabies --- mass dog vaccination --- central point vaccination --- puppy vaccination --- Zeroby30

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Wild animals under human care as well as domesticated farm production animals are often exposed to environmental changes (e.g., capture and transportation). Short-term or acute changes in physiological indices (e.g., heart rate, respiration, body temperatures, immune cells, and stress hormonal biomarkers) provide crucial information regarding the responses of animals to novel environments, and they could provide crucial determining factors for the long-term health and welfare of animals. This Special Issue includes experimental research papers that demonstrate the applications of physiological indices and welfare assessment methods (e.g., morphological and morphometric data, behavioural assessments, thermal profiles, and physiological markers) in any wildlife or production animal (e.g., rescued and rehabilitating animals, pets, competition animals, farm animals, and zoo animals), in response to environmental and management related factors. The goal is to provide examples of new research and techniques that can be used to monitor short- and long-term environmental adaptation of animals under human care.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zoology & animal sciences --- non-invasive --- bioindicator --- pollution --- stress --- welfare --- constructed wetland --- glucocorticoid --- urban river --- reindeer --- glucocorticoids --- validation --- rodents --- ecological immunology --- natural antibodies --- haptoglobin --- neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio --- immune strategy --- vector-borne pathogens --- parasitology --- zoonosis --- thermal imaging --- koalas --- body temperature --- heat/cold stress --- thermoregulation --- substrate --- Zoo --- protocol --- veterinary assessment --- Punjab urial --- body condition --- behavior --- Pakistan --- red deer --- hind --- reproduction --- progesterone --- cortisol --- hair --- Asian elephant --- saliva --- immunoglobulin A --- circadian rhythm --- Panthera tigris tigris --- Panthera tigris altaica --- siberian --- tigers --- bengal tigers --- captive --- biochemical parameter --- serum protein electrophoresis --- Cervus elaphus --- plasma --- feces --- hunting --- zoo --- faecal analysis --- glucocorticoid metabolites --- enzyme immunoassay --- roe deer --- blood parameters --- prognostic factors --- blood lactate concentration --- biomarkers --- captivity-induced stress --- fecal glucocorticoid metabolites --- physiological stress in rodents --- oxytocin --- boar --- ejaculation --- wildlife --- environmental stress --- urbanisation --- birds --- non-invasive --- bioindicator --- pollution --- stress --- welfare --- constructed wetland --- glucocorticoid --- urban river --- reindeer --- glucocorticoids --- validation --- rodents --- ecological immunology --- natural antibodies --- haptoglobin --- neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio --- immune strategy --- vector-borne pathogens --- parasitology --- zoonosis --- thermal imaging --- koalas --- body temperature --- heat/cold stress --- thermoregulation --- substrate --- Zoo --- protocol --- veterinary assessment --- Punjab urial --- body condition --- behavior --- Pakistan --- red deer --- hind --- reproduction --- progesterone --- cortisol --- hair --- Asian elephant --- saliva --- immunoglobulin A --- circadian rhythm --- Panthera tigris tigris --- Panthera tigris altaica --- siberian --- tigers --- bengal tigers --- captive --- biochemical parameter --- serum protein electrophoresis --- Cervus elaphus --- plasma --- feces --- hunting --- zoo --- faecal analysis --- glucocorticoid metabolites --- enzyme immunoassay --- roe deer --- blood parameters --- prognostic factors --- blood lactate concentration --- biomarkers --- captivity-induced stress --- fecal glucocorticoid metabolites --- physiological stress in rodents --- oxytocin --- boar --- ejaculation --- wildlife --- environmental stress --- urbanisation --- birds

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro