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This book highlights the complexity of spinel nanoferrites, their synthesis, physio-chemical properties and prospective applications in the area of advanced electronics, microwave devices, biotechnology as well as biomedical sciences. It presents an overview of spinel nanoferrites: synthesis, properties and applications for a wide audience: from beginners and graduate-level students up to advanced specialists in both academic and industrial sectors. There are 15 chapters organized into four main sections. The first section of the book introduces the readers to spinel ferrites and their applications in advanced electronics industry including microwave devices, whereas the second section mainly focus on the synthesis strategy and their physio-chemical properties. The last sections of the book highlight the importance of this class of nanomaterials in the field of biotechnology and biomedical sector with a special chapter on water purification.

Ferrites (Magnetic materials) --- Spinel group. --- Nanostructured materials. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Spinelite --- Spinell --- Spinellids --- Spinels --- Oxide minerals --- Ferrates --- Gyrators --- Iron compounds --- Magnetic materials --- Metals. --- Magnetism. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Metals and Alloys. --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Mathematical physics --- Physics --- Electricity --- Magnetics --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy

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The lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of minerals is important for interpreting seismic anisotropy, which occurs in the Earth’s crust and mantle, and for understanding the internal structure of the deep interior of the Earth. The characterization of microstructures, including LPO, grain size, grain shape, and misorientation, is important to determine the deformation conditions, deformation histories, kinematics, and seismic anisotropies in the crust and mantle The articles in this Special Issue prove that studies of LPO and microstructures of minerals and rocks are a major research area and provide a foundation for interpreting seismic anisotropy in the crust, mantle, and subduction zones. Therefore, the authors hope that this Special Issue encompassing recent advances in the measurement of LPOs of different minerals under various tectonic settings will be a fundamental and valuable resource for the readers and researchers interested in exploring the deformation conditions of minerals and rocks, as well as the interpretation of seismic anisotropy in the crust, mantle, and subduction zones.

microstructural evolution --- lattice preferred orientation --- olivine in Åheim --- amphibole --- seismic anisotropy --- seismic velocity --- olivine-rich eclogite --- Western Gneiss Region --- glaucophane --- epidote --- deformation experiment --- simple shear --- dislocation glide --- cataclastic flow --- spinel peridotite xenoliths --- deformation microstructures --- petrogenesis --- mantle heterogeneity --- Baekdusan volcano --- Ice --- microstructure --- crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) --- Styx Glacier --- electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) --- Val Malenco --- serpentinized peridotite --- tectonic evolution --- deformation --- strain localization --- phyllite --- muscovite --- chlorite --- retrograded eclogite --- topotactic growth --- reflection coefficient --- omphacite --- subduction zone --- lattice-preferred orientation --- Xitieshan eclogite --- lawsonite --- twin --- blueschist --- crystal preferred orientation --- n/a --- olivine in Åheim

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There are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metal processing. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emergence of electrical vehicles (EV), which brings a high need for battery metals, but additionally, a significant increase in copper consumption. Even if only moderate forecasts for the number of the EVs become true, production of the base metals must increase by tens of percentages, or even more than double. At the same time, pyrometallurgical processes have to produce fewer side products, such as slag, and maintain the quality level of the primary product, although raw material mixtures are increasingly complex and new elements are entering the processes in secondary raw materials. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of pyrometallurgical processes more efficiently and productively, while still improving their selectivity regarding slagging the unwanted material and recovering the desired elements. This Special Issue is for current advances in the pyrometallurgical processing of metals, including all aspects, namely, the basic unit processes and operations in a smelter, metallurgical engineering, furnace integrity, cooling systems, modelling, slag and offgas handling, to name a few. A collection of 13 papers deal with ferrous and ferroalloy development, and the processing of different raw materials for metal production.

Technology: general issues --- blast furnace slag --- TiO2 --- titanium carbonitride --- viscosity --- limonite --- magnetization reduction roasting --- rotary kiln --- deposit --- fayalite --- FeO --- liquid phase --- medium manganese steel --- spinel inclusions --- Ce treatment --- modification mechanism --- copper concentrate --- pyrometallurgy --- flash smelting --- combustion --- classification --- spectroscopy --- PCA --- SIMCA --- PLS-DA --- k-NN --- support vector machines --- scandium --- master alloys --- aluminum alloys --- metallothermy --- vacuum induction melting --- factsage --- nickel laterite --- non-melting reducing --- sodium chloride --- magnetic separation --- garnierite --- vacuum carbothermal reduction --- mechanism --- CaF2 --- recovery --- devolatilization --- torrefied biomass --- bio-coal --- volatile matter --- reduction --- blast furnace --- multistage and deep reduction --- low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy --- inclusions --- melt separation --- slag-metal separation --- hearth drainage --- iron and slag flow --- interface phenomena --- CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system --- distribution ratio of phosphorus --- dephosphorization --- n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution --- B2O3 --- vanadium–titanium sintering --- metallurgical properties --- microstructures --- Søderberg electrodes --- submerged arc furnace (SAF) --- ferro-alloy production --- ferrochrome --- electrical resistivity --- degree of graphitisation --- bulk density --- porosity --- compressive breaking strength

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There are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metal processing. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emergence of electrical vehicles (EV), which brings a high need for battery metals, but additionally, a significant increase in copper consumption. Even if only moderate forecasts for the number of the EVs become true, production of the base metals must increase by tens of percentages, or even more than double. At the same time, pyrometallurgical processes have to produce fewer side products, such as slag, and maintain the quality level of the primary product, although raw material mixtures are increasingly complex and new elements are entering the processes in secondary raw materials. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of pyrometallurgical processes more efficiently and productively, while still improving their selectivity regarding slagging the unwanted material and recovering the desired elements. This Special Issue is for current advances in the pyrometallurgical processing of metals, including all aspects, namely, the basic unit processes and operations in a smelter, metallurgical engineering, furnace integrity, cooling systems, modelling, slag and offgas handling, to name a few. A collection of 13 papers deal with ferrous and ferroalloy development, and the processing of different raw materials for metal production.

Technology: general issues --- blast furnace slag --- TiO2 --- titanium carbonitride --- viscosity --- limonite --- magnetization reduction roasting --- rotary kiln --- deposit --- fayalite --- FeO --- liquid phase --- medium manganese steel --- spinel inclusions --- Ce treatment --- modification mechanism --- copper concentrate --- pyrometallurgy --- flash smelting --- combustion --- classification --- spectroscopy --- PCA --- SIMCA --- PLS-DA --- k-NN --- support vector machines --- scandium --- master alloys --- aluminum alloys --- metallothermy --- vacuum induction melting --- factsage --- nickel laterite --- non-melting reducing --- sodium chloride --- magnetic separation --- garnierite --- vacuum carbothermal reduction --- mechanism --- CaF2 --- recovery --- devolatilization --- torrefied biomass --- bio-coal --- volatile matter --- reduction --- blast furnace --- multistage and deep reduction --- low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy --- inclusions --- melt separation --- slag-metal separation --- hearth drainage --- iron and slag flow --- interface phenomena --- CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system --- distribution ratio of phosphorus --- dephosphorization --- n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution --- B2O3 --- vanadium–titanium sintering --- metallurgical properties --- microstructures --- Søderberg electrodes --- submerged arc furnace (SAF) --- ferro-alloy production --- ferrochrome --- electrical resistivity --- degree of graphitisation --- bulk density --- porosity --- compressive breaking strength --- blast furnace slag --- TiO2 --- titanium carbonitride --- viscosity --- limonite --- magnetization reduction roasting --- rotary kiln --- deposit --- fayalite --- FeO --- liquid phase --- medium manganese steel --- spinel inclusions --- Ce treatment --- modification mechanism --- copper concentrate --- pyrometallurgy --- flash smelting --- combustion --- classification --- spectroscopy --- PCA --- SIMCA --- PLS-DA --- k-NN --- support vector machines --- scandium --- master alloys --- aluminum alloys --- metallothermy --- vacuum induction melting --- factsage --- nickel laterite --- non-melting reducing --- sodium chloride --- magnetic separation --- garnierite --- vacuum carbothermal reduction --- mechanism --- CaF2 --- recovery --- devolatilization --- torrefied biomass --- bio-coal --- volatile matter --- reduction --- blast furnace --- multistage and deep reduction --- low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy --- inclusions --- melt separation --- slag-metal separation --- hearth drainage --- iron and slag flow --- interface phenomena --- CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system --- distribution ratio of phosphorus --- dephosphorization --- n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution --- B2O3 --- vanadium–titanium sintering --- metallurgical properties --- microstructures --- Søderberg electrodes --- submerged arc furnace (SAF) --- ferro-alloy production --- ferrochrome --- electrical resistivity --- degree of graphitisation --- bulk density --- porosity --- compressive breaking strength

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The Special Issue presents almost 40 papers on recent research in modeling of pyrometallurgical systems, including physical models, first-principles models, detailed CFD and DEM models as well as statistical models or models based on machine learning. The models cover the whole production chain from raw materials processing through the reduction and conversion unit processes to ladle treatment, casting, and rolling. The papers illustrate how models can be used for shedding light on complex and inaccessible processes characterized by high temperatures and hostile environment, in order to improve process performance, product quality, or yield and to reduce the requirements of virgin raw materials and to suppress harmful emissions.

steelmaking --- oxygen consumption --- GPR --- prediction model --- secondary refining --- water model --- mixing time --- slag entrapment --- stainless steel slag --- heating time --- Cr2O3 --- spinel --- crystal size --- processing maps --- nickel-based alloy --- flow behavior --- arrhenius equation --- hearth --- drainage --- PCA --- analysis tool --- pattern --- tapholes --- blast furnace --- coke --- carbon solution loss --- numerical simulation --- pellet pile --- Discrete Element Method --- porosity distribution --- angle of repose --- coordination number --- bubble motion --- interfacial phenomena --- entrainment --- moving path --- arsenopyrite --- arsenic removal --- mechanism --- roasting --- arsenate --- dust ash --- arsenic recovery --- titanium distribution ratio --- thermodynamic model --- ion–molecule coexistence theory --- LF refining slags --- electric arc furnace --- simulation --- process model --- COREX --- raceway zone --- gas flow --- COREX melter gasifier --- mixed charging --- burden layer structure --- burden pile width --- DEM --- burden distribution --- particle flow --- validation --- tire cord steel --- TiN inclusion --- solidification --- segregation models --- hot rolling --- TOU electricity pricing --- hot rolling planning --- genetic algorithm --- C-H2 smelting reduction furnace --- double-row side nozzles --- dimensional analysis --- multiple linear regression --- ironmaking blast furnace --- coke bed --- trickle flow --- molten slag --- liquid iron --- SPH --- charging system --- mathematical model --- radar data --- main trough --- transient fluid of hot metal and molten slag --- wall shear stress --- conjugate heat transfer --- refractory --- shape rolling --- flat rolling --- wire rod --- temperature distribution --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- neural network --- BOS reactor --- copper smelting --- SKS --- Shuikoushan process --- oxygen bottom blown --- gated recurrent unit --- support vector data description --- time sequence prediction --- fault detection and identification --- Lignite --- microwave and ultrasound modification --- structural characterization --- 3D molecular model --- structural simulation --- coke combustion rate --- charcoal combustion rate --- iron ore sintering process --- biomass --- quasi-particle --- quasi-particle structure --- monomer blended fuel --- quasi-particle fuel --- apparent activation energy --- coupling effect --- dynamic model --- basic oxygen furnace --- computational fluid dynamics --- CFD–DEM --- coalescence --- settling --- funneling flow --- horizontal single belt casting process (HSBC) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- double impingement feeding system --- supersonic coherent jet --- decarburization --- steel refining --- EAF --- CFD --- mass transfer coefficient --- physical modeling --- mathematical modeling --- kinetic models --- natural gas --- fuel injection --- combustion --- RAFT --- roll design --- flat-rolled wire --- strain inhomogeneity --- normal pressure --- macroscopic shear bands --- numerical model --- dual gas injection --- slag eye --- electrical energy consumption --- Electric Arc Furnace --- scrap melting --- statistical modeling --- raceway evolution --- raceway size --- flow pattern --- Eulerian multiphase flow --- blast furnace hearth --- dead man --- iron and slag flow --- lining wear --- hearth drainage --- Industry 4.0 --- copper smelter --- nickel-copper smelter --- radiometric sensors --- Peirce-smith converting --- matte-slag chemistry --- discrete event simulation --- adaptive finite differences --- n/a --- ion-molecule coexistence theory --- CFD-DEM