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Skyrme model. --- Skyrmions --- Chirality --- Nuclear models --- Solitons --- Magnetic materials. --- Materials

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The energy cost associated with modern information technologies has been increasing exponentially over time, stimulating the search for alternative information storage and processing devices. Magnetic skyrmions are solitonic nanometer-scale quasiparticles whose unique topological properties can be thought of as that of a Mobius strip. Skyrmions are envisioned as information carriers in novel information processing and storage devices with low power consumption and high information density. As such, they could contribute to solving the energy challenge. In order to be used in applications, isolated skyrmions must be thermally stable at the scale of years. In this work, their stability is studied through two main approaches: the Kramers' method in the form of Langer's theory, and the forward flux sampling method. Good agreement is found between the two methods. We find that small skyrmions possess low internal energy barriers, but are stabilized by a large activation entropy. This is a direct consequence of the existence of stable modes of deformation of the skyrmion. Additionally, frustrated exchange that arise at some transition metal interfaces leads to new collapse paths in the form of the partial nucleation of the corresponding antiparticle, as merons and antimerons.

Materials science. --- Information storage and retrieval. --- Materials Science, general. --- Information Storage and Retrieval. --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Skyrme model. --- Spintronics. --- Ferromagnetism. --- Magnetism --- Fluxtronics --- Magnetoelectronics --- Spin electronics --- Spinelectronics --- Microelectronics --- Nanotechnology --- Skyrmions --- Chirality --- Nuclear models --- Solitons

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This book highlights recent advances of optical spatial solitons in photorefractive materials ranging broadly from the coupling, modulation instability, effect of pyroelectricity, and the stability of photorefractive solitons, among other topics. Photorefractive solitons have been at the forefront of research because of their formation at low laser powers and unique saturable nonlinearity present in photorefractive materials which supports solitons in (2+1) D. There has been a spurt in research on photorefractive solitons recently, which has contributed to a greater understanding of the theoretical foundation of photorefractive solitons as also of their various interesting and practical applications. The book elucidates the diversity of photorefractive solitons and provides a good resource for students, researchers, and professionals in the area of nonlinear optics.

Solitons. --- Pulses, Solitary wave --- Solitary wave pulses --- Wave pulses, Solitary --- Connections (Mathematics) --- Nonlinear theories --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Nonlinear Optics. --- Optical materials. --- Telecommunication. --- Optics. --- Photonics. --- Optical engineering. --- Optical Materials. --- Microwaves, RF Engineering and Optical Communications. --- Optics and Photonics. --- Photonics and Optical Engineering. --- Optics, Nonlinear --- Optics --- Lasers --- Mechanical engineering --- New optics --- Physics --- Light --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Materials