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During the last decade, software developments in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provoked a notable increase of applications to the study of solid matter. The mineral liberation analysis (MLA) of processed metal ores was an important drive for innovations that led to QEMSCAN, MLA and other software platforms. These combine the assessment of the backscattered electron (BSE) image to the directed steering of the electron beam for energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to automated mineralogy. However, despite a wide distribution of SEM instruments in material research and industry, the potential of SEM automated mineralogy is still under-utilised. The characterisation of primary ores, and the optimisation of comminution, flotation, mineral concentration and metallurgical processes in the mining industry by generating quantified data, is still the major application field of SEM automated mineralogy. However, there is interesting potential beyond these classical fields of geometallurgy and metal ore fingerprinting. Slags, pottery and artefacts can be studied in an archeological context for the recognition of provenance and trade pathways; soil, and solid particles of all kinds, are objects in forensic science. SEM automated mineralogy allows new insight in the fields of process chemistry and recycling technology.

Research & information: general --- Zr-REE-Nb deposits --- alkaline rocks --- automated mineralogy --- Khalzan Buregtei --- automated scanning electron microscopy --- QEMSCAN® --- trace minerals --- gold --- REE minerals --- REE carbonatite ore --- comminution --- multi-stage flotation --- EDX spectra --- MLA --- mineral processing --- iron ore --- Kiruna --- Raman spectroscopy --- magnetite --- hematite --- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) --- automated quantitative analysis (AQM) --- spectrum quantification --- signal deconvolution --- fault gouge --- 200-nm resolution --- grain size distribution --- Ikkattup nunaa --- mineral maps --- submicrometer --- automated quantitative mineralogy (AQM) --- scanning electron microscopy --- ZEISS Mineralogic --- Fiskenæsset complex --- Feret angle --- element concentration map --- visualization --- mineral association --- bulk composition --- grain size --- waste of electrical and electronic equipment --- X-ray computed tomography --- mineral liberation analysis --- indicator minerals --- heavy mineral concentrates --- till sampling --- VMS --- Izok Lake --- sewage sludge ashes (SSA) --- phosphate --- recycling --- recovery --- SEM-automated mineralogy --- mineral liberation analysis (MLA) --- scanning electron microscope --- raw materials --- resource technology --- granular material --- petrology --- n/a

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This book focuses on the progress in modern energy processes, systems and equipment. Since the beginning of humankind, energy has been the most important need for each human and living being. Thus, the development of different ways of energy conversion that can be applied to cover growing energy needs has become a crucial challenge for scientists and engineers around the world, making the power industry, in which operation is based on subsequent energy conversion processes, one of the most important fields of the local, national, and global economy today. Progress in precise description, modeling, and optimization of physical phenomena related to the energy conversion processes bounded to large and dispersed power systems is a key research and development field of the economy.

fuel burners --- asphalt roofing --- heating equipment --- biogas treatment --- volatile methylsiloxanes --- siloxane concentrations --- adsorbents --- regeneration --- biogas --- deep eutectic solvents --- upgrading --- absorption --- COSMO-RS --- economic analysis --- air pollution --- PM2.5 dust --- ORC --- working fluid --- selection method --- volumetric expander --- thermodynamic analysis --- lignite mine --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- WRF-CALMET/CALPUFF --- health risk --- grill --- barbecue --- stove --- boiler --- charcoal briquettes --- liquid propane --- particulate matter --- gaseous air pollutants --- energy performance gap --- user behavior --- energy poverty --- pre-war tenement building --- Trilateral Flash Cycle --- T-s diagram --- adiabatic expansion --- retrofit --- CO2 power cycle --- low-temperature phase change material --- paraffin wax --- thermal energy storage --- numerical modelling --- scanning electron microscope --- microturbine --- stirling engine --- fuel cell --- expander --- vane --- lobe --- screw --- piston --- Wankel --- gerotor --- microcogeneration --- CHP --- hydrofluoroolefins --- hydrofluorocarbons --- refrigerants --- low GWP --- energy conversion --- fuels --- energy storage --- ecological and legal aspects

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This book focuses on the progress in modern energy processes, systems and equipment. Since the beginning of humankind, energy has been the most important need for each human and living being. Thus, the development of different ways of energy conversion that can be applied to cover growing energy needs has become a crucial challenge for scientists and engineers around the world, making the power industry, in which operation is based on subsequent energy conversion processes, one of the most important fields of the local, national, and global economy today. Progress in precise description, modeling, and optimization of physical phenomena related to the energy conversion processes bounded to large and dispersed power systems is a key research and development field of the economy.

Technology: general issues --- fuel burners --- asphalt roofing --- heating equipment --- biogas treatment --- volatile methylsiloxanes --- siloxane concentrations --- adsorbents --- regeneration --- biogas --- deep eutectic solvents --- upgrading --- absorption --- COSMO-RS --- economic analysis --- air pollution --- PM2.5 dust --- ORC --- working fluid --- selection method --- volumetric expander --- thermodynamic analysis --- lignite mine --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- WRF-CALMET/CALPUFF --- health risk --- grill --- barbecue --- stove --- boiler --- charcoal briquettes --- liquid propane --- particulate matter --- gaseous air pollutants --- energy performance gap --- user behavior --- energy poverty --- pre-war tenement building --- Trilateral Flash Cycle --- T-s diagram --- adiabatic expansion --- retrofit --- CO2 power cycle --- low-temperature phase change material --- paraffin wax --- thermal energy storage --- numerical modelling --- scanning electron microscope --- microturbine --- stirling engine --- fuel cell --- expander --- vane --- lobe --- screw --- piston --- Wankel --- gerotor --- microcogeneration --- CHP --- hydrofluoroolefins --- hydrofluorocarbons --- refrigerants --- low GWP --- energy conversion --- fuels --- energy storage --- ecological and legal aspects

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The need for energy is increasing and at the same time production from the conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions the most approachable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies it requires different and challenging approach to characterize and to develop such a resource. This special issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- bedding fractures --- failure criterion --- lamina --- tight oil --- tight sandstone --- finite element simulation --- numerical simulation --- unconventional reservoir --- permeability --- group method of data handling --- artificial neural network --- well logs --- sensitivity analysis --- tight gas reservoir --- multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) --- unstable productivity model --- productivity forecast --- influencing factor analysis --- horizontal well with multiple finite-conductivity fractures --- elliptical-shaped drainage --- productivity index --- non-Darcy flow --- pressure-dependent conductivity --- reservoir properties --- void space structure --- porosity --- complex rocks --- NMR --- MICP --- CT --- SEM --- coal-bearing tight sandstone --- organic-rich clasts --- occurrence --- classifications --- formation mechanisms --- Ordos Basin --- hydraulic fracturing --- fracturing fluids --- fluids-rock interaction --- environmental implication --- history matching --- semianalytic model --- unconventional gas reservoirs --- multistage fractured horizontal wells --- fractal theory --- pore structure --- heterogeneity --- NMR measurements --- multifractal analysis --- shale reservoir --- elastic properties --- brittleness --- rock physics --- brittle spot identification --- shale gas --- reservoir characteristics --- gas content --- eastern Sichuan Basin --- the Da’anzhai member --- pulse decay method --- gas adsorption --- dual media --- unconventional core --- natural fracture --- influencing factor --- oil production --- carbonate rock --- basement reservoir --- Jizhong Sub-basin --- dynamic pore network modeling --- shale reservoirs --- water imbibition --- discrete element method --- modified fluid-mechanical coupling algorithm --- injection sequence --- well spacing --- stress shadow effect --- seismic location --- microseismic events --- waveform stacking --- induced seismicity --- CBM --- surfactant --- solid-free drilling fluid --- CBM reservoir wettability --- machine learning --- lithofacies --- umiat --- Alaska --- proppant transportation --- cross fractures --- CFD simulation --- dimensional analysis --- equilibrium proppant height --- coalbed methane --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- gas diffusion --- adsorption–desorption --- pore-scale --- clay minerals --- pore structures --- tight gas reservoirs --- Xujiaweizi Rift --- Northern Songliao Basin --- methane adsorption isotherm --- coal properties --- gradient boosting decision tree --- estimation model --- shale gas reservoir --- geology --- Gibbs excess adsorption --- supercritical adsorption --- gas viscosity --- high voltage spark discharge --- electrohydraulic effect --- electrical conductivity --- drilling --- rock damage --- pressure waves --- water fracturing --- turbulence effect --- Eulerian multiphase modeling --- proppant transport mechanism --- equilibrium height prediction model --- adaptive filtering --- complex noise canceling --- electromagnetic telemetry --- multifractured horizontal wells --- production analysis --- irregular stimulated region --- natural gas hydrate --- seismic modeling --- fractional derivatives --- gas geochemical characteristics --- noble gas --- shale gas evolution --- Large Igneous Province (LIP) --- gas loss --- geological structure --- gas controlling pattern --- neutral surface --- tectonic movement --- Bumu region --- seismic interpretation --- depositional environments characteristics --- Wheeler diagram --- seismic attributes --- heterogeneous sequence --- sample size --- neutron scattering --- mercury injection capillary pressure --- adsorption --- shale --- junggar basin --- hong-che fault zone --- carboniferous --- volcanic reservoir --- main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation --- fracture --- vug --- micro CT --- carbonate --- wave velocity --- amorphous SiO2 --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray fluorescence spectrometry --- scanning electron microscope --- quantitative analysis --- void ratio --- FEM --- ABAQUS --- matrix porosity --- kerogen porosity --- water saturation --- gas hydrate --- saturation --- deep learning --- recurrent neural network --- molecular simulation --- enhanced oil recovery --- methane --- shale petroleum --- technological development --- patent --- network analysis --- imbibition --- osmosis --- unconventional formations --- EOR --- water flooding