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Chirality. --- Stereochemistry --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Enantiomers
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The book tells the story of how scientists uncovered the least known and yet most consequential of all the sciences, and learned to harness the power of heat and ice.The laws of thermodynamics govern everything from the behaviour of atoms to that of living cells, from the engines that power our world to the black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Not only that, but thermodynamics explains why we must eat and breathe, how the lights come on, and ultimately how the universe will end. The people who decoded its laws came from every branch of the sciences - they were engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, cosmologists and mathematicians.Their discoveries, set over two hundred years, kick-started the industrial revolution, changed the course of world wars and informed modern understanding of black holes. This book captures the thrill of discovery and the power of revolutionary science to change the world forever.
Thermodynamics. --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Thermodynamique. --- Symétrie (physique)
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Supersymmetry. --- Unified theories --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Symmetry (Physics)
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This book advances understanding of light-induced phase transitions and nonequilibrium orders that occur in a broken-symmetry system. Upon excitation with an intense laser pulse, materials can undergo a nonthermal transition through pathways different from those in equilibrium. The mechanism underlying these photoinduced phase transitions has long been researched, but many details in this ultrafast, non-adiabatic regime still remain to be clarified. The work in this book reveals new insights into this phenomena via investigation of photoinduced melting and recovery of charge density waves (CDWs). Using several time-resolved diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, the author shows that the light-induced melting of a CDW is characterized by dynamical slowing-down, while the restoration of the symmetry-breaking order features two distinct timescales: A fast recovery of the CDW amplitude is followed by a slower re-establishment of phase coherence, the latter of which is dictated by the presence of topological defects in the CDW. Furthermore, after the suppression of the original CDW by photoexcitation, a different, competing CDW transiently emerges, illustrating how a hidden order in equilibrium can be unleashed by a laser pulse. These insights into CDW systems may be carried over to other broken-symmetry states, such as superconductivity and magnetic ordering, bringing us one step closer towards manipulating phases of matter using a laser pulse.
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En suivant deux fils rouges, l'histoire des grandes révolutions de la physique au xxe siècle et l'abstraction progressive du concept de symétrie, de son usage ordinaire en géométrie à son application aux lois de la physique, cette leçon inaugurale aborde un des défis majeurs de la physique actuelle, celui de réconcilier la relativité d'Einstein et la mécanique quantique, théories amplement vérifiées empiriquement et pourtant incompatibles.C'est peut-être dans une symétrie immense, décrite en théorie des groupes par des groupes très particuliers, que réside la clé pour formuler cette théorie plus fondamentale de la gravitation, qui pourrait permettre la grande synthèse avec la mécanique quantique.Marc Henneaux est physicien, professeur à l'Université libre de Bruxelles puis au Collège de France où il devient titulaire, en décembre 2017, de la chaire Champs, cordes et gravité. Il dirige également depuis 2004 les instituts internationaux Solvay de physique et de chimie. [source éditeur]
Symmetry (Physics) --- Group theory --- Gravitation --- Quantum theory. --- Symétrie (physique). --- Théorie des groupes --- Gravitation. --- Théorie quantique --- Quantum gravity
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Au cours des trente dernières années, les progrès de la physique théorique ont été étroitement corrélés à ceux des mathématiques, en particulier dans le domaine de la théorie des cordes. Ce livre porte à la fois sur les développements de la physique et des mathématiques contemporaines. La conception de l'ouvrage est extrêmement originale : l'auteur ne se contente pas d'exposer sa vision des théories scientifiques, mais il appuie son argumentation en lui donnant un aspect ludique grâce à des énigmes intrigantes de mathématiques et de physique qui défient parfois l'intuition. Par exemple, si l'on rallonge d'un mètre une ceinture entourant la Terre à l'Equateur, quelle est la taille de l'objet qu'on peut glisser sous cette ceinture ? Après une revue des progrès récents dans notre compréhension de l'Univers (symétries et modèle standard des particules, trous noirs et cosmologie, etc.), l'auteur développe dans l'avant dernier chapitre le lien intime entre physique et mathématiques, en introduisant en particulier les notions de dualité et de symétrie miroir en théorie des cordes. Cet ouvrage s'adresse aux étudiants de physique et de mathématiques et à toute personne curieuse des développements récents de la science. Edward Witten, lauréat de la médaille Fields de mathématiques, écrit à propos de cet ouvrage : "Ce livre est un voyage fascinant et original dans les idées les plus avancées en physique et en mathématiques. Il est illustré par des énigmes élémentaires et amusantes. Le lecteur y trouvera de quoi apprendre et de quoi s'amuser"
Physics --- Mathematics --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Conservation laws (Physics) --- Conservation laws (Mathematics) --- Univers --- Mathématiques --- Physique --- Symétrie (physique) --- Lois de conservation (physique) --- Lois de conservation (mathématiques) --- Universe
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As the structure and behavior of molecules and crystals depend on their different symmetries, group theory becomes an essential tool in many important areas of chemistry. It is a quite powerful theoretical tool to predict many basic as well as some characteristic properties of molecules. Whereas quantum mechanics provide solutions of some chemical problems on the basis of complicated mathematics, group theory puts forward these solutions in a very simplified and fascinating manner. Group theory has been successfully applied to many chemical problems. Students and teachers of chemical sciences have an invisible fear from this subject due to the difficulty with the mathematical jugglery. An active sixth dimension is required to understand the concept as well as to apply it to solve the problems of chemistry. This book avoids mathematical complications and presents group theory so that it is accessible to students as well as faculty and researchers. Chemical Applications of Symmetry and Group Theory discusses different applications to chemical problems with suitable examples. The book develops the concept of symmetry and group theory, representation of group, its applications to I.R. and Raman spectroscopy, U.V spectroscopy, bonding theories like molecular orbital theory, ligand field theory, hybridization, and more. Figures are included so that reader can visualize the symmetry, symmetry elements, and operations.
Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Group theory. --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Chimie physique et théorique --- Groupes, Théorie des --- Symétrie (physique) --- Mathematics.
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Les groupes de symétrie, ou groupes d'invariance, jouent un rôle important dans toute la physique. Les translations d'espace et de temps, les rotations d'espace et enfin les transformations de Galilée ou de Lorentz entre référentiels d'inertie définissent la structure de l'espace-temps. Les symétries correspondantes sont tout particulièrement importantes en mécanique quantique. En effet les opérateurs fondamentaux - énergie, position, impulsion, moment angulaire - ainsi que leurs relations de commutation, loin d'être arbitraires, sont déterminés par la géométrie de l'espace et celle de l'espace-temps. Ces considérations de symétrie permettent de comprendre l'origine de la masse et du spin et d'établir des équations d'onde comme l'équation de Schrödinger ou celle de Dirac à partir du groupe d'invariance choisi : Galilée ou Lorentz. Ces équations permettent de décrire les particules de spin 1/2 et prédisent correctement leur moment magnétique anormal. Cet ouvrage, issu d'un cours de DEA de Physique théorique de l'ENS, a à la fois un caractère fondamental et appliqué. L'utilisation des symétries, et en particulier de celle de rotation, est un outil pratique permettant une approche géométrique de problèmes comme le théorème de Wigner-Eckart ou les opérateurs tensoriels irréductibles. Enfin le livre discute de deux symétries discrètes, la parité et le renversement du temps.
Symmetry (Physics) --- Symmetry groups. --- Group theory. --- Quantum theory. --- Symétrie (physique) --- Groupes de symétrie --- Groupes, Théorie des --- Théorie quantique --- Symétrie (physique) --- Groupes de symétrie --- Groupes, Théorie des --- Théorie quantique
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The third edition of the by now classic reference on rigorous analysis of symmetry breaking in both classical and quantum field theories adds new topics of relevance, in particular the effect of dynamical Coulomb delocalization, by which boundary conditions give rise to volume effects and to energy/mass gap in the Goldstone spectrum (plasmon spectrum, Anderson superconductivity, Higgs phenomenon). The book closes with a discussion of the physical meaning of global and local gauge symmetries and their breaking, with attention to the effect of gauge group topology in QCD. From the reviews of the first edition: It is remarkable to see how much material can actually be presented in a rigorous way (incidentally, many of the results presented are due to Strocchi himself), yet this is largely ignored, the original heuristic derivations being, as a rule, more popular. - At each step he strongly emphasizes the physical meaning and motivation of the various notions introduced [...] a book that fills a conspicuous gap in the literature, and does it rather well. It could also be a good basis for a graduate course in mathematical physics. J.-P. Antoine, Physicalia 28/2, 2006 Despite many accounts in popular textbooks and a widespread belief, the phenomenon is rather subtle, requires an infinite set of degrees of freedom and an advanced mathematical setting of the system under investigation. [...] The mathematically oriented graduate student will certainly benefit from this thorough, rigorous and detailed investigation. G. Roepstorff, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1075, 2006 From the reviews of the second edition: This second edition of Strocchi’s Symmetry Breaking presents a complete, generalized and highly rigorous discussion of the subject, based on a formal analysis of conditions necessary for the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking to occur in classical systems, as well as in quantum systems. […] This book is specifically recommended for mathematical physicists interested in a deeper and rigorous understanding of the subject, and it should be mandatory for researchers studying the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking. S. Hajjawi, Mathematical Reviews, 2008.
Physics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Mathematics --- Broken symmetry (Physics) --- Symmetry breaking (Physics) --- Symmetry (Physics)
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Quantum chromodynamics. --- Gauge fields (Physics) --- Quantum field theory. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Fields, Gauge (Physics) --- Gage fields (Physics) --- Gauge theories (Physics) --- Group theory --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Chromodynamics, Quantum --- QCD (Nuclear physics) --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum electrodynamics
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