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This paper examines how regional disparities have evolved in Russia and how Russia’s system of intergovernmental fiscal relations is managing these disparities. Regional disparities have fallen over the past two decades but remain relatively high. Socioeconomic outcomes remain worse in lagging regions despite faster growth and convergence in income levels. The twin shocks of COVID-19 and lower oil prices appear to have impacted richer regions disproportionately. Compared to other large countries with federal systems of government, Russia stands out with its high reliance on direct taxes as a revenue source for its regions. Transfers from the federal budget to the regions provide some redistribution by reducing the dispersion in real per capita fiscal spending, but also tend to be associated with lower growth. The Russian fiscal system offers degrees of redistribution and risk sharing of around 26 and 18 percent, respectively—with in-kind social transfers contributing the most. Finally, federal transfers in the aggregate tend to be procyclical and are also fairly unresponsive to shocks to regions’ own revenues.

Russian Federation

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The Russia-Europe relationship is deteriorating, signaling the darkest era yet in security on the continent since the end of the Cold War. In addition, the growing influence of the Trump administration has destabilized the transatlantic security community, compelling Europe—especially the European Union—to rethink its relations with Russia.The volume editors’ primary goal is to illuminate the nature of the deteriorating security relationship between Europe and Russia, and the key implications for its future. While the book is timely, the editors and contributors also draw out long-term lessons from this era of diplomatic degeneration to show how increasing cooperation between two regions can devolve into rapidly escalating conflict. While it is possible that the relationship between Russia and Europe can ultimately be restored, it is also necessary to understand why it was undermined in the first place. The fact that these transformations occur under the backdrop of an uncertain transatlantic relationship makes this investigation all the more pressing.Each chapter in this volume addresses three dimensions of the problem: first, how and why the power status quo that had existed since the end of the Cold War has changed in recent years, as evidenced by Russia’s newly aggressive posturing; second, the extent to which the EU’s power has been enabled or constrained in light of Russia’s actions; and third, the risks entailed in Europe’s reactive power—that is, the tendency to act after-the-fact instead of proactively toward Russia—in light of the transatlantic divide under Trump.

Politics and government. --- Diplomatic relations. --- Russia (Federation) --- Europe. --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Foreign relations --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Russian Federation --- Rossiyskaya Federatsiya --- Rossiya (Federation) --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Российская Федерация --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Російська Федерація --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Federazione della Russia --- Russische Föderation --- RF --- Federation of Russia --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie --- Правительство России --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Правительство Российской Федерации --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Правительство РФ --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Rosja (Federation) --- O-lo-ssu (Federation) --- Roshia Renpō --- Federazione russa --- OKhU --- Orosyn Kholboony Uls --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Eluosi (Federation) --- 俄罗斯 (Federation) --- RF (Russian Federation) --- Россия (Federation)

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Regionalism --- Social aspects. --- Russia (Federation) --- Relations. --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Russian Federation --- Rossiyskaya Federatsiya --- Rossiya (Federation) --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Российская Федерация --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Російська Федерація --- Federazione della Russia --- Russische Föderation --- RF --- Federation of Russia --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Правительство России --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Правительство Российской Федерации --- Правительство РФ --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Rosja (Federation) --- Eluosi (Federation) --- O-lo-ssu (Federation) --- 俄罗斯 (Federation) --- Roshia Renpō --- Federazione russa --- OKhU --- Orosyn Kholboony Uls --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- RF (Russian Federation) --- Россия (Federation)

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This book provides an understanding of Russia’s geopolitical strategic interests as well as a larger picture of its political realities. It shares insights on how to understand and solve the problems affecting US-Russian relations and the world. The book addresses three primary questions relevant to the current global context: Will current geopolitical shifts greatly benefit Russia’s long-term global objectives? What foreign policy will Russia pursue in the Middle East and the Baltic regions to guarantee the security of its strategic interests? And will major powers confront one another over resources that could trigger military conflict, or will they choose appeasement to maintain peace and stability in this new era? Thus, the book offers insights into the future geopolitical landscape. It therefore is a must-read for scholars, researchers of international relations and political science, as well as professionals, practitioners and analysts, interested in a better understanding of the changing global order and Russia’s geopolitical strategic interests. “For anyone wishing to understand Russia's long-term strategy and trajectory, the book you hold in your hand is an essential guide. Dr. Oualaalou’s book constitutes a bedrock of penetrating exposition and analysis on the current state of global affairs and gets to a fundamental reality: Where Russia is headed as US leadership falters.” Lyndon L. Olson, Jr., Former U.S. Ambassador to Sweden “This book is a comprehensive, thought provoking understanding of how and why a once collapsed USSR returned as the Russian Federation and today is a major challenger for global and regional dominance, especially over the USA and Western Europe.” William A. Mitchell, Col, USAF, Ret. and Professor Emeritus, Baylor University “Dr. Oualaalou provides a compelling look at a frequently underestimated player on the world stage, from the unique perspective of an insider who is both a scholar and has served as the ‘boots on the ground’ in many conflict zones.” David Schleicher, Attorney to Businesses and U.S. Government Employees.

Security, International. --- International relations. --- Politics and war. --- Globalization. --- International Security Studies. --- International Relations. --- Military and Defence Studies. --- Foreign Policy. --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- International relations --- Anti-globalization movement --- War --- War and politics --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Collective security --- International security --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace --- Political aspects --- Geopolitics --- Russia (Federation) --- Russian Federation --- Rossiyskaya Federatsiya --- Rossiya (Federation) --- Rossii︠a︡ (Federation) --- Российская Федерация --- Rossiĭskai︠a︡ Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Російська Федерація --- Rosiĭsʹka Federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Federazione della Russia --- Russische Föderation --- RF --- Federation of Russia --- Urysye Federat︠s︡ie --- Правительство России --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossii --- Правительство Российской Федерации --- Pravitelʹstvo Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Правительство РФ --- Pravitelʹstvo RF --- Rosja (Federation) --- O-lo-ssu (Federation) --- Roshia Renpō --- Federazione russa --- OKhU --- Orosyn Kholboony Uls --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Eluosi (Federation) --- 俄罗斯 (Federation) --- RF (Russian Federation) --- Россия (Federation)

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"An in-depth history of the Stalinist skyscraper"--

Architecture and society --- Architecture --- Communism and architecture --- Skyscrapers --- Composition, proportion, etc. --- Stalinskie Vysotki (Moscow, Russia) --- Moscow (Russian Federation) --- Buildings, structures, etc. --- Heather DeHaan. --- Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya Hotel. --- Hotel Ukraina. --- Joseph Stalin. --- Katherine Lebow. --- Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Apartments. --- Kudrinskaya Square Building. --- Michal Murawski. --- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. --- Moscow State University. --- Moscow’s Seven Sisters. --- Nowa Huta. --- Red Gates Administrative Building. --- Russia. --- Russian history. --- Seven Sisters. --- Soviet Russia. --- Soviet history. --- Stalinism. --- Stalinist City Planning. --- Stalin’s high-rises. --- The Palace Complex. --- Unfinished Utopia. --- urbanism. --- Moscow (Russia)