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This volume offers an up-to-date guide to the principles of socioformation, which represent the foundation of the development of formative projects through collaborative working in academia, not only for the construction of the knowledge, but also for the development of research. It provides the reader with insights into the processes of collaborative working, presenting an analysis that offers a clear distinction between collaborative working and cooperative working.

Research teams. --- Research. --- Research and development projects.

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Research parks. --- Parks, Research --- Parks, Science --- Research and development parks --- Science parks --- Industrial districts

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With constraints on water, arable land, and other natural resources, agricultural innovation is a promising path to meeting the nutrient needs for future generations. At the same time, potential increases in the variability of the world's climate may intensify the need for developing new crops that can tolerate extreme weather. Dwindling public support leaves universities, which historically have been a major source of agricultural innovation, increasingly dependent on industry funding, with uncertain effects on the nature and direction of agricultural research. This book aims to provide such evidence through economic analyses of the sources of agricultural innovation, the challenges of measuring agricultural productivity, the role of universities and their interactions with industry, and emerging mechanisms that can fund agricultural R&D.

Agriculture --- Research --- Agricultural innovations --- Research and development projects --- Finance. --- Economic aspects

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Federal aid to research --- Research and development projects --- United States. --- Research grants.

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The informal sector is an important source of livelihoods and jobs for a vast majority of people in developing countries. However, there is concern that it may undermine growth and development of the formal sector. For instance, the growth literature indicates that research and development activity and innovation are a key driver of long-term growth. How does the competition that formal sector firms face from informal sector firms affect research and development activity by the formal firms The present paper attempts to answer this question using firm-level survey data for small and medium-size enterprises in a large cross-section of mostly developing countries. The results show that higher informal competition leads to greater a likelihood of spending on research and development by formal firms. For the most conservative baseline specification, a one standard deviation increase in informal competition leads to an increase of 5.2 percentage points in the likelihood of spending on research and development by formal firms. This is a large increase given that less than 18 percent of the firms in the sample engage in research and development activity. Further, consistent with the "parasite" view of informality, the positive impact of informal competition on research and development activity is magnified when the business environment is less conducive to operating in the formal sector compared with informal sector due to factors such as higher corruption, weaker rule of law, more burdensome business regulations, and a higher tax rate on profits. As expected, there is no impact of informal competition on research and development activity among large firms. The main findings are robust to several controls, alternative specifications, and endogeneity checks.

Competition --- Firm Productivity --- Informality --- Innovation --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Research and Development --- Science and Technology Development --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises --- Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises