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Today, a single laboratory can generate a vast amount of biological data. There is a wealth of data already available in public databases, which makes the modern life sciences almost dependent on bioinformatics. This book brings together an international team of experts to discuss the state-of-the-art from several fields of bioinformatics, from the automatic identification and classification of viruses to the analysis of the transcriptome of single cells and plants, including artificial intelligence algorithms to discover biomarkers and text mining approaches to help in the interpretation of the findings. Machine learning, pattern discovery and analysis, error correction, Bayesian inference and novel computational techniques to discover chromosomal rearrangements continue to play crucial roles in biological discovery, and all of them are explored in chapters of this book. In sum, this book contains high-quality chapters that provide excellent views into key topics of current bioinformatics research, topics that should remain important for the next several years.

Bioinformatics. --- Text Mining Gene Selection; Biological Big Data; Single-Cell RNA Sequencing; Large-Scale Structural Rearrangements in Chromosomes; Machine Learning Approaches; Biomarker Discovery; Gene Expression Data; Bayesian Inference of Gene Expression; Error-Correction Methodologies; Genome Sequencing Data; Plant Transcriptome Assembly; Aligned Pattern Clustering System; Pattern Analysis; Hidden Markov Models; Viral Classification and Discovery; Pattern Discovery and Disentanglement; Aligned Pattern Cluster Analysis; Protein Binding Complexes Detection

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Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.

Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus --- n/a

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p38 Mitogen activated protein kinases (p38MAPK) are a group of evolutionary conserved protein kinases which are central for cell adaptation to environmental changes as well as for immune response, inflammation, tissue regeneration and tumour formation. The interest in this group of protein kinases has grown continually since their discovery. Recent studies using new genetic and pharmacological tools are providing helpful information on the function of these stress-activated protein kinases and show that they have an acute impact on the development of prevalent diseases related to inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In this Special Issue we present novel advances and review the knowledge on the identification of p38MAPK substrates, functions, and regulation; mechanisms underlying the role of p38MAPK in malignant transformation and other pathologies; and therapeutic opportunities associated with regulation of p38MAPK activity.

arginine methylation --- erythroid differentiation --- MKK3 --- phosphorylation, PRMT1 --- p38 MAPK --- cocaine --- conditioned place preference --- reward --- stress --- anxiety --- depression --- nucleus accumbens --- social interaction --- k opioid receptors --- p38α --- Rab5 --- endosome --- Alzheimer’s --- Lewy Bodies --- amyloid-β --- tau --- α-synuclein --- p38-MAPK α inhibitor --- Alzheimer’s disease --- synaptic plasticity --- neuroinflammation --- β-amyloid --- Tau --- Kv4.2 --- seizure --- temporal lobe epilepsy --- hippocampus --- neuronal firing and excitability --- p38MAPK --- nuclear translocation --- β-like importins --- inflammation --- cancer --- skeletal muscle --- energy metabolism --- signal transduction --- exercise --- type 2 diabetes --- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase --- bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis --- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis --- RNA sequencing --- alveolar epithelial type II cells --- MAPK --- p38 --- physiology --- metabolism --- signaling --- hypoxia --- arrhythmia --- MAPK11 --- p38β --- n/a --- Alzheimer's --- Alzheimer's disease

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Orchids are fascinating, with attractive flowers that sell in the markets and an increasing demand around the world. Additionally, some orchids are edible or scented and have long been used in preparations of traditional medicine.This book presents recent advances in orchid biochemistry, including original research articles and reviews. It provides in-depth insights into the biology of flower pigments, floral scent formation, bioactive compounds, pollination, and plant–microbial interaction as well as the biotechnology of protocorm-like bodies in orchids. It reveals the secret of orchid biology using molecular tools, advanced biotechnology, multi-omics, and high-throughput technologies and offers a critical reference for the readers.This book explores the knowledge about species evolution using comparative transcriptomics, flower spot patterning, involving the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, which contributes to leaf color formation, gene regulation in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds, the mechanism of pollination, involving the biosynthesis of semiochemicals, gene expression patterns of volatile organic compounds, the symbiotic relationship between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi, techniques using induction, proliferation, and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies, and so on. In this book, important or model orchid species were studied, including Anoectochilus roxburghii, Bletilla striata, Cymbidium sinense, Dendrobium officinale, Ophrys insectifera, Phalaenopsis ‘Panda’, Pleione limprichtii.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Phalaenopsis --- transcriptome --- microRNA --- anthocyanin biosynthesis --- molecular mechanism --- coelonin --- Bletilla striata --- anti-inflammation --- signal pathway --- cell-cycle arrest --- PTEN --- Dendrobium officinale --- PLP_deC --- bioinformatics --- expression pattern analysis --- evolution --- Pleione limprichtii --- flower color polymorphism --- variation within populations --- metabolome analysis --- anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway --- RNA sequencing --- transcription factor --- Dendrobium --- molecular identification --- endophytic fungi --- pathogenicity --- protocorm --- seedling --- Anoectochilus roxburghii --- Ceratobasidium sp. --- metabolome and transcriptome analyses --- flavonoid --- HPLC-MS/MS --- qRT-PCR --- Ophrys --- sexual deception --- semiochemicals --- fly orchid --- pollination --- comparative transcriptome --- active ingredients --- different tissues --- biotechnology --- breeding --- mass propagation --- Orchidaceae --- protocorm-like bodies --- somaclonal variation --- somatic embryogenesis --- Cymbidium --- floral scents --- volatile organic compounds --- metabolomic analysis --- differential metabolites --- enzyme activity --- gene expression --- leaf color --- Cymbidium sinense --- Phalaenopsis --- transcriptome --- microRNA --- anthocyanin biosynthesis --- molecular mechanism --- coelonin --- Bletilla striata --- anti-inflammation --- signal pathway --- cell-cycle arrest --- PTEN --- Dendrobium officinale --- PLP_deC --- bioinformatics --- expression pattern analysis --- evolution --- Pleione limprichtii --- flower color polymorphism --- variation within populations --- metabolome analysis --- anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway --- RNA sequencing --- transcription factor --- Dendrobium --- molecular identification --- endophytic fungi --- pathogenicity --- protocorm --- seedling --- Anoectochilus roxburghii --- Ceratobasidium sp. --- metabolome and transcriptome analyses --- flavonoid --- HPLC-MS/MS --- qRT-PCR --- Ophrys --- sexual deception --- semiochemicals --- fly orchid --- pollination --- comparative transcriptome --- active ingredients --- different tissues --- biotechnology --- breeding --- mass propagation --- Orchidaceae --- protocorm-like bodies --- somaclonal variation --- somatic embryogenesis --- Cymbidium --- floral scents --- volatile organic compounds --- metabolomic analysis --- differential metabolites --- enzyme activity --- gene expression --- leaf color --- Cymbidium sinense

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Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus --- Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus