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This book provides a state-of-the-art compendium on the role of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans during development and in cancer. It also suggests directions for novel therapeutic and biotechnological applications in stem cell biology. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, as part of the extracellular matrix, are multifunctional modulators of growth factor, cytokine, integrin and morphogen signaling, which determine both self-renewal, senescence and/or differentiation of stem cells during development. Since proteoglycans modulate cell adhesion and migration they are important organizers of the extracellular matrix within the proper stem cell niche. A malfunctioning of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans contributes to the cancer stem cell phenotype, which is linked to therapeutic resistance and recurrence in malignant disease. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the extracellular matrix and its role in development. The series Biology of Extracellular Matrix is published in collaboration with the American Society for Matrix Biology.

Developmental biology. --- Cancer research. --- Human physiology. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Developmental Biology. --- Cancer Research. --- Human Physiology. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Chemistry --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Cancer research --- Development (Biology) --- Biology --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Proteoglycans. --- Glycosaminoglycans. --- Stem cells. --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Cells --- Mucopolysaccharides --- Glycoproteins --- Stem Cells. --- Proteoglycans --- Proteoglycan --- Proteoglycan Type H --- Colony-Forming Unit --- Colony-Forming Units --- Mother Cells --- Progenitor Cells --- Cell, Mother --- Cell, Progenitor --- Cell, Stem --- Cells, Mother --- Cells, Progenitor --- Cells, Stem --- Colony Forming Unit --- Colony Forming Units --- Mother Cell --- Progenitor Cell --- Stem Cell --- Cell Self Renewal --- Stem Cell Research --- Glicoproteïnes --- Biomolècules --- Cèl·lules mare --- Cèl·lules --- Cèl·lules mare embrionàries --- Molècules biològiques --- Molècules --- Àcids nucleics --- Biopolímers --- Metabòlits --- Proteïnes --- Biologia molecular --- Glucoprotèids --- Glucoproteïnes --- Glicoconjugats --- Antígens CD --- Integrines --- Interferó --- Laminina --- Mucoproteïnes

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After our successful first Special Issue about bladder cancer, we proceeded with the second issue. Again, many international scientists submitted their newest research results in that extremely interesting field and followed our call for submissions. It is not only the collection and combination of old and new markers that could develop new possibilities, but also the focus on different classifications and sub-classifications that will unveil new ways in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It seems that the two established diagnostic tools will still play an important role, but new markers and diagnostics tools will present more detailed and more differentiated possibilities in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer. This second Special Issue is full of scientific results that could provide new ways to help patients with instruments for early diagnostics and with predictive and prognostic markers on their way to finding new and personalized strategies for therapy. The editors thank all of the submitting authors for their efforts and time spent on each manuscript. We hope that this Special Issue will prove useful to research work in bladder cancer in the future. We hope that many talented researchers will use multiple forms of art to improve their professional successes and to ameliorate diagnostics and therapy in bladder cancer.

Medicine --- Metallothionein --- urothelium --- urothelial cancer --- cadmium exposure --- zinc transporter --- bladder --- TAGLN --- F-actin --- PTEN --- p53 --- tumorigenesis --- proliferation --- invasion --- TERT promoter mutations --- FGFR3 --- non muscle invasive bladder cancer --- BCG therapy --- bladder cancer --- JAK-STAT pathway --- combination therapy --- oncolytic adenovirus --- virotherapy --- STAT3/5 inhibitor --- JAK inhibitor --- XVir-N-31 --- bladder cancer detection --- urinary biomarkers --- DNA methylation --- ECRG4 --- ITIH5 --- biomarker --- cancer --- grade --- metabolomics --- MS --- NMR --- biomarkers --- tumor markers --- prognosis --- heparanase --- syndecan-1 --- heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) --- urothelial carcinoma --- miRNA --- quantitative PCR --- tumor marker --- voided urine cytology --- KDM7A --- histone demethylase --- TC-E 5002 --- androgen receptor --- drug resistance --- non-invasive detection --- telomerase --- somatic mutations --- TERT promoter region --- muscle-invasive bladder cancer --- chemotherapy --- immunotherapy --- personalized medicine --- predictive biomarker --- survivin --- BIRC5 --- macrophage --- KRT20 --- ERBB2 --- MIBC --- prediction --- RT-qPCR --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- survival