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Predator-prey interactions are ubiquitous, govern the flow of energy up trophic levels, and strongly influence the structure of ecological systems. They are typically quantified using the functional response - the relationship between a predator's foraging rate and the availability of food. As such, the functional response is central to how all ecological communities function - since all communities contain foragers - and a principal driver of the abundance, diversity, and dynamics of ecological communities. The functional response also reflects all the behaviors, traits, and strategies that predators use to hunt prey and that prey use to evade predation. It is thus both a clear reflection of past evolution, including predator-prey arms races, and a major force driving the future evolution of both predator and prey. Despite their importance, there have been remarkably few attempts to synthesize or even briefly review functional responses. This novel and accessible book fills this gap, clearly demonstrating their crucial role as the link between individuals, evolution, and community properties, representing a highly-integrated and measurable aspect of ecological function. It provides a clear entry point for students, a refresher for more advanced researchers, and a motivator for future research. "Predator Ecology" is an advanced textbook suitable for graduate students and researchers in ecology and evolutionary biology seeking a broad, up-to-date, and authoritative coverage of the field. It will also be of relevance and use to mathematical ecologists, wildlife biologists, and anyone interested in predator-prey interactions.
Predation (Biology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Population biology --- Prédation (biologie) --- Biologie des populations --- Population biology.
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En février 1985, la philosophe écologiste Val Plumwood survécut – contre toute probabilité – à une attaque de crocodile dans le parc national de Kakadu, en Australie. Aux yeux de Plumwood, qui s'inspire sur ce point des récits mythologiques des Aborigènes australiens et des Égyptiens de l'Antiquité, le crocodile est un trickster, une créature qui juge sévèrement la prétention des êtres humains à s'extraire du cycle de la vie. Inachevé au moment du décès de l'autrice, ce récit est complété par quatre essais touchant à notre rapport alimentaire au vivant : sur la mort d'un wombat, sur l'ontologie végane, sur Babe : le cochon devenu berger, et sur la vie dans nos cimetières. Dans l'œil du crocodile n'est pas seulement un récit de survie, c'est aussi une réflexion unique sur le sens de nos vies humaines, de nos combats et de notre mort. Une grande leçon de vie sur la vulnérabilité et sur la cohabitation
Écologie --- Écologie humaine --- Prédation (biologie) --- Philosophie de la nature. --- Philosophie de l'environnement. --- Écologie animale --- Animalité (philosophie) --- Philosophie. --- Human-animal relationships --- Predation (Biology) --- Animal ecology --- Animal
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La population de loups étant en constante augmentation dans les Alpes depuis leur arrivée en 1992, la prédation sur les élevages pastoraux ovins français est également grandissante. C’est pour cette raison, qu’en 1993, un « plan national loup » a été rédigé en France (renouvelé tous les trois/quatre ans) reprenant toutes les problématiques en lien avec la cohabitation des éleveurs et des loups. Dans une première partie, un état des lieux de la répartition du bétail dans le massif des Alpes ainsi qu’une distinction des différents systèmes pastoraux seront abordés. Une contextualisation du recensement actuel des attaques de loups sera réalisée en lien avec l’histoire démographique de ces populations sur ce même territoire. Dans une deuxième partie, les moyens de luttes contre la prédation (moyen préventifs, dispositifs disruptifs, dispositifs aversifs et dispositifs létaux) seront détaillés. En effet, face à l’augmentation constante des populations de loups en France, les éleveurs doivent de plus en plus s’équiper de moyens de protection qui, en plus de constituer un coût non négligeable pour ces derniers, ne sont pas toujours d’une efficacité absolue sans compter le phénomène d’habituation. De plus, parmi les éleveurs touchés, certains d’entre eux risquent de subir des attaques répétées (d’une année à l’autre) sur leur troupeau. Un point particulier sur le tir des individus (tirs d’effarouchement, de défense et de prélèvement) sera développé. En effet, cette méthode adoptée par certains éleveurs pour tenter de contrôler la prédation sur leur troupeau comporte des implications légales qui doivent être respectées. L’efficacité de cette mesure dépendrait du statut hiérarchique de la cible abattue puisque les résultats en termes de dispersion des loups au sein de la meute ainsi que les conséquences reproductives différent en fonction de ce paramètre. Pour finir, une analyse chiffrée permettra de réaliser le manque à gagner en termes de temps et d’argent engendré pour les éleveurs à la suite des dégâts occasionnés par le loup.
loups --- ovins --- pastoralisme --- france --- transhumance --- prédation --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale
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From "one of the master naturalists of our time" (American Scientist), a fascinating exploration of what seashells reveal about biology, evolution, and the history of lifeGeerat Vermeij wrote this "celebration of shells" to share his enthusiasm for these supremely elegant creations and what they can teach us about nature. Most popular books on shells emphasize the identification of species, but Vermeij uses shells as a way to explore major ideas in biology. How are shells built? How do they work? And how did they evolve? With lucidity and charm, the MacArthur-winning evolutionary biologist reveals how shells give us insights into the lives of animals today and in the distant geological past.
Shells. --- Coral reef. --- Curator. --- Ecosystem. --- Gastropoda. --- Illustration. --- Life events. --- Limpet. --- Museum. --- National Science Foundation. --- Predation. --- Publication. --- Radish. --- Rainforest. --- Rocky shore. --- Scientist. --- Yale University.
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A l’heure des dérèglements environnementaux, la lutte biologique fait sens pour préserver la biodiversité et sécuriser nos ressources alimentaires. Les pucerons, ravageurs de nombreuses cultures, représentent une cible de choix pour ces nouvelles méthodes mais peut-être également la clef de leur efficacité. En effet, le miellat, cette substance qu’ils sécrètent, s’avère être plus qu’un déchet du métabolisme. Riche en hydrates de carbone et source de composés volatiles, il est pour les auxiliaires de culture une source énergétique mais également la source de substances sémiochimiques attirant les prédateurs ou induisant leur ponte. Le présent travail tente de mettre en lumière les autres rôles potentiels que peut exercer le miellat notamment dans le cadre des relations intraguildes. Premièrement, aux travers de tests en arènes, l’effet de ce liquide sucré est étudié sur le comportement et les relations de prédation existantes entre deux prédateurs aphidiphages, Adalia bipunctata et Episyrphus balteatus. Deuxièmement, une analyse protéomique a été réalisée sur des échantillons de miellats frais ou vieillis de Aphis fabae et Acyrthosiphon pisum afin d’identifier la diversité des protéines et micro-organismes présents. Ensuite, ces miellats d’A. pisum ayant subi des vieillissements ont été utilisés dans des tests en tunnel de vol afin d’évaluer les différences d’attraction ou stimulant de ponte chez E. balteatus. Enfin, pour complémenter les données protéomiques, des micro-extractions sur phase solide suivie d’une chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS) ont été réalisées sur des échantillons de culture bactérienne de Staphyloccocus sciuri, bactérie présente dans le miellat de A. pisum, afin d’identifier les composés volatils qu’elle produit. Dans les tests en arène, le miellat augmente la mobilité des prédateurs et l’appétences des pucerons vis-à-vis des prédateurs et représente une source alternative de nourriture. L’analyse protéomique révèle quant à elle, une diversité de protéines globalement similaires pour toutes les durées de vieillissement du miellat de A. pisum, les échantillons les plus vieux en présentant tout de même un plus grande diversité. L’origine des protéines est à 9% bactérienne et à 91% issue du puceron lui-même. Les tests en tunnel de vol ont permis de démontrer que le miellat de 24h induit significativement plus de pontes chez E. balteatus que ses homologues plus vieux tandis qu’aucune différence d’attraction n’est présente. Enfin, aucune conclusion n’a pu être tirée de l’analyse des molécules volatiles émises par S. sciuri dont le protocole de production a été remis en question. At a time of global environmental changes, biological control makes sense in order to preserve biodiversity and secure our food resources. Aphids, a major crop pests, represent a prime target for these new methods that may be the most efficient and sustainable. Honeydew, the substance secreted by aphids, is more than just a waste product. Rich in carbohydrates and volatile compounds, it is an energy source for beneficials but also the origin of semiochemicals that attract predators and induce oviposition. The present work attempts to highlight the other potential roles honeydew can play such as in predatory intraguild relations. Firstly, through arena tests, the effect of this substance was studies on behavioural and predatory relationships existing between two aphid predators, namely Adalia bipunctata and Episyrphus balteatus. Secondly, a proteomic analysis was carried out on honeydew samples of differencial ages from Aphis fabae and Acyrthosiphon pisum in order to identify the diversity of proteins and associated micro-organisms. Then, these aged A. pisum honeydew samples were used in flight tunnel assays in order to evaluate the potential impact on E. balteatus mobility and oviposition. Finally, a solid phase micro extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) was carried out on bacterial production liquid samples from Staphyloccocus sciuri, a bacteria present in the honeydew of A. pisum, to identify active bacterial volatile compounds. In arena tests, honeydew increased the mobility of predators and the appetence of aphids towards predators, representing an alternative food source. Proteomic analysis revealed a protein profile that is globally similar for all the aged A. pisum honeydews, with the oldest samples showing a higher diversity of proteins. The origin of the proteins was 9% from bacteria and 91% from the aphid itself. Flight tunnel assays showed that 24-hour aged honeydew induced significantly more egg laying in E. balteatus than its older counterparts, while no difference in attraction was observed. Finally, no conclusion could be drawn from the analysis of volatiles compounds emitted by S. sciuri, whose production protocol was questioned.
miellat, lutte biologique, prédation, intraguilde, aphidiphage, protéomique, volatiles, Adalia bipunctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Staphyloccocus sciuri, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, IGP --- honeydew, biological control, intraguild predation, aphidophagous, proteomics, volatiles, Adalia bipunctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Staphyloccocus sciuri, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, IGP --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie
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Predation and scavenging are pervasive ecological interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The ecology, evolution and conservation of predators and scavengers have received wide scientific attention and public awareness. However, the close connection that exists between predation and scavenging has not been emphasized until very recently. The recognition that carnivorous animals may obtain meat by either hunting prey or scavenging their carcasses has profound implications from individual behavior to population, community and ecosystem levels. However, many relevant questions still remain unexplored. This book deals with some of these questions, with the final aim to definitively dismiss the traditional view that predation and scavenging are disconnected ecological processes. This compendium of science may help to inspire ecologists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, forensic scientists, anatomists, and, of course, conservation biologists in their stimulating and promising endeavor of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of carnivory in a rapidly changing world.
caching --- Capreolus capreolus --- carrion --- Eurasian lynx --- Lynx lynx --- Norway --- predation --- roe deer --- scavenging --- decomposition --- nitrogen --- nutrient recycling --- trophic cascade --- apex predators --- bear --- interspecific interactions --- moose --- wolf --- birds of prey --- foraging --- predators --- scavengers --- vision --- carcass --- confrontational scavenging --- disease risk --- facultative scavenger --- landscape of peril --- marine ecosystems --- parasite risk --- predator risk --- terrestrial ecosystems --- anthropogenic food --- diet --- urban habitats --- ecological functions --- carnivorous --- n/a
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Forest-steppes occupy a wide zone between Eurasian closed canopy forests and open steppes and feature a mosaic of woody and herbaceous vegetation. Due to the occurrence of structurally, compositionally, and environmentally strongly different habitats in close proximity, high spatial heterogeneity is one of the key characteristics of forest-steppe ecosystems. This volume presents ten contributions examining forest-steppe heterogeneity and its effects on environmental factors, plant communities, and animals.
Research & information: general --- carbon cycling --- natural stable isotope abundance --- nitrogen cycling --- soil organic matter --- temperate grassland --- drought tolerance --- forest–steppe ecotone --- hydraulic strategy --- hydraulic trait --- interspecific association --- interspecific relationships --- species co-occurrence --- semiarid forests --- duration curve --- forest steppe --- sensor network --- spatio-temporal microclimate pattern --- temperature–humidity data logger --- vapour pressure deficit --- pollen analysis --- forest belt --- forest-steppe ecotone --- position migration --- moisture change --- shrub encroachment --- spatial pattern --- temperate savanna --- ecosystem degradation --- sandy grasslands --- Danube-Tisza Interfluve --- morphotaxonomy --- abundance --- community composition --- decomposition --- Shannon diversity --- ecosystem service --- Geotrupidae --- grassland --- indicator species --- land use --- Scarabaeidae --- species richness --- arthropod predation --- connectivity --- dummy caterpillar --- ecosystem function --- edge effect --- forest-steppe --- fragment size --- kurgan --- landscape-scale --- seed predation --- Festuca vaginata --- Festuca pseudovaginata --- Festuca wagneri --- ecological values --- pedological analysis --- diversity --- forest-steppes --- sandy grassland --- grazing-mowing --- NDVI --- Sentinel-2A
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Forest-steppes occupy a wide zone between Eurasian closed canopy forests and open steppes and feature a mosaic of woody and herbaceous vegetation. Due to the occurrence of structurally, compositionally, and environmentally strongly different habitats in close proximity, high spatial heterogeneity is one of the key characteristics of forest-steppe ecosystems. This volume presents ten contributions examining forest-steppe heterogeneity and its effects on environmental factors, plant communities, and animals.
Research & information: general --- carbon cycling --- natural stable isotope abundance --- nitrogen cycling --- soil organic matter --- temperate grassland --- drought tolerance --- forest–steppe ecotone --- hydraulic strategy --- hydraulic trait --- interspecific association --- interspecific relationships --- species co-occurrence --- semiarid forests --- duration curve --- forest steppe --- sensor network --- spatio-temporal microclimate pattern --- temperature–humidity data logger --- vapour pressure deficit --- pollen analysis --- forest belt --- forest-steppe ecotone --- position migration --- moisture change --- shrub encroachment --- spatial pattern --- temperate savanna --- ecosystem degradation --- sandy grasslands --- Danube-Tisza Interfluve --- morphotaxonomy --- abundance --- community composition --- decomposition --- Shannon diversity --- ecosystem service --- Geotrupidae --- grassland --- indicator species --- land use --- Scarabaeidae --- species richness --- arthropod predation --- connectivity --- dummy caterpillar --- ecosystem function --- edge effect --- forest-steppe --- fragment size --- kurgan --- landscape-scale --- seed predation --- Festuca vaginata --- Festuca pseudovaginata --- Festuca wagneri --- ecological values --- pedological analysis --- diversity --- forest-steppes --- sandy grassland --- grazing-mowing --- NDVI --- Sentinel-2A
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Forest-steppes occupy a wide zone between Eurasian closed canopy forests and open steppes and feature a mosaic of woody and herbaceous vegetation. Due to the occurrence of structurally, compositionally, and environmentally strongly different habitats in close proximity, high spatial heterogeneity is one of the key characteristics of forest-steppe ecosystems. This volume presents ten contributions examining forest-steppe heterogeneity and its effects on environmental factors, plant communities, and animals.
carbon cycling --- natural stable isotope abundance --- nitrogen cycling --- soil organic matter --- temperate grassland --- drought tolerance --- forest–steppe ecotone --- hydraulic strategy --- hydraulic trait --- interspecific association --- interspecific relationships --- species co-occurrence --- semiarid forests --- duration curve --- forest steppe --- sensor network --- spatio-temporal microclimate pattern --- temperature–humidity data logger --- vapour pressure deficit --- pollen analysis --- forest belt --- forest-steppe ecotone --- position migration --- moisture change --- shrub encroachment --- spatial pattern --- temperate savanna --- ecosystem degradation --- sandy grasslands --- Danube-Tisza Interfluve --- morphotaxonomy --- abundance --- community composition --- decomposition --- Shannon diversity --- ecosystem service --- Geotrupidae --- grassland --- indicator species --- land use --- Scarabaeidae --- species richness --- arthropod predation --- connectivity --- dummy caterpillar --- ecosystem function --- edge effect --- forest-steppe --- fragment size --- kurgan --- landscape-scale --- seed predation --- Festuca vaginata --- Festuca pseudovaginata --- Festuca wagneri --- ecological values --- pedological analysis --- diversity --- forest-steppes --- sandy grassland --- grazing-mowing --- NDVI --- Sentinel-2A
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Predation and scavenging are pervasive ecological interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The ecology, evolution and conservation of predators and scavengers have received wide scientific attention and public awareness. However, the close connection that exists between predation and scavenging has not been emphasized until very recently. The recognition that carnivorous animals may obtain meat by either hunting prey or scavenging their carcasses has profound implications from individual behavior to population, community and ecosystem levels. However, many relevant questions still remain unexplored. This book deals with some of these questions, with the final aim to definitively dismiss the traditional view that predation and scavenging are disconnected ecological processes. This compendium of science may help to inspire ecologists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, forensic scientists, anatomists, and, of course, conservation biologists in their stimulating and promising endeavor of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of carnivory in a rapidly changing world.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- caching --- Capreolus capreolus --- carrion --- Eurasian lynx --- Lynx lynx --- Norway --- predation --- roe deer --- scavenging --- decomposition --- nitrogen --- nutrient recycling --- trophic cascade --- apex predators --- bear --- interspecific interactions --- moose --- wolf --- birds of prey --- foraging --- predators --- scavengers --- vision --- carcass --- confrontational scavenging --- disease risk --- facultative scavenger --- landscape of peril --- marine ecosystems --- parasite risk --- predator risk --- terrestrial ecosystems --- anthropogenic food --- diet --- urban habitats --- ecological functions --- carnivorous --- n/a
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