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In recent decades, a significant number of Pleistocene (ca. 2.6 million years–10,000 years ago) open-air and cave sites yielding elephant or mammoth bones in direct association with hominin remains and/or lithic artifacts have been discovered in Eurasia, Africa and America. Many of them show strong evidence of acquisition and processing of proboscidean carcasses by early humans, leading scientists to interpret them as “elephant butchering sites”. Indeed, proboscidean exploitation by early Homo has been proposed to have been critical for Palaeolithic human lifeways, influencing not only their subsistence, but also other aspects of early human evolution and adaptations. The nature and degree of interactions between humans and elephants comprises an important field in palaeoanthropological studies since decades, but many questions remain still unanswered or partially explored. By bringing together research papers from the fields of Palaeolithic Archaeology, Palaeoanthropology, Palaeontology, Zooarchaeology, Geology, Ethnography and Nutrition Studies, the book systematically covers a diverse array of perspectives on elephant-human interactions across the world from the Pleistocene times until today. The volume includes 19 contributions and is organized into four thematic sections: 1) The Palaeolithic record, 2) A view of the evidence, 3) Elephants in past human nutrition, and 4) Ethnography – Human-elephant interactions in recent Africa. Collectively, the volume not only showcases the current state of knowledge, but also intends to provoke renewed interest for current and further research, and build an interdisciplinary and synthetic understanding of the significance of proboscideans throughout human evolution.

Prehistoric archaeology --- Elephants --- Mammoth --- Pleistocene --- Paleanthropology --- Paleontology --- Archaeozoology --- Ethnology --- Elephants --- Mammoth --- Pleistocene --- Paleanthropology --- Paleontology --- Archaeozoology --- Ethnology

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Geology, Stratigraphic --- Caves --- Paleolithic period --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Animal remains (Archaeology) --- Plant remains (Archaeology) --- Caverns --- Grottoes --- Rock shelters --- Rockshelters --- Landforms --- Speleology --- Ice Age --- Pleistocene Epoch --- Glacial epoch

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This Open Access book explains that after long periods of prehistoric research in which the importance of the archaeological as well as the natural context of rock art has been constantly underestimated, research has now begun to take this context into focus for documentation, analysis, interpretation and understanding. Human footprints are prominent among the long-time under-researched features of the context in caves with rock art. In order to compensate for this neglect an innovative research program has been established several years ago that focuses on the merging of indigenous knowledge and western archaeological science for the benefit of both sides. The book gathers first the methodological diversity in the analysis of human tracks. Here major representatives of anthropological, statistical and traditional approaches feature the multi-layered methods available for the analysis of human tracks. Second it compiles case studies from around the globe of prehistoric human tracks. For the first time, the most important sites which have been found worldwide are published in a single publication. The third focus of this book is on firsthand experiences of researchers with indigenous tracking experts from around the globe, expounding on how archaeological sciencecan benefit from the ancestral knowledge. This book will be of interest to professional archaeologists, graduate students, ecologists, cultural anthropologists and laypeople, especially those focussing on hunting-gathering and pastoralist communities and who appreciate indigenous knowledge.

Archaeology --- Anthropology --- Biological and Physical Anthropology --- Physical-Biological Anthropology --- Footprints in caves with rock art. --- Indigenous trackers from around the globe --- Open Access --- Pleistocene human footprints --- Scientific value of prehistoric human footprints --- Tracking in Caves

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Contributions in this collection discuss storm deposits dating from Neogene time between 23 and 1.8 million years ago, as well as the last 1.8 million years, including the Pleistocene and Holocene. As today, past hurricane events were responsible for the erosion of rocky shorelines due to the impact of storm waves, in addition to flood deposits due to heavy rainfall after big storms, resulting in landfall. The former typically resulted in coastal boulder deposits (CBDs) and the latter in coastal outwash deposits (CODs). Study locations covered by this treatment include three within the confines of Mexico’s Gulf of California and three in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, including the Canary Islands and Azores, as well as the coast of Norway. Rock types canvassed in these studies are dominated by igneous rocks that include surface flows such as andesite and basalt as well as surface exposures of plutonic rocks that originated deep below the surface such as granite and near-mantle rocks like low-grade chromite. These rock types reflect a range in rock density, which has an effect on the ability of storm waves to degrade rocky shores in the production of CBDs. The site-specific studies in this collection also share an application treating the shape of boulders resulting from shore erosion. The collection is introduced by a survey covering Neogene CODs registered in the geological literature and a concluding paper focused on the use of satellite images as a means for detecting previously unrecognized coastal storm deposits.

Research & information: general --- bibliography --- large clasts --- Miocene --- Pliocene --- rocky shore --- storm --- tsunami --- barrier boulder deposits --- hurricane storm surge --- hydrodynamic equation --- Gulf of California (Mexico) --- remote sensing --- bouldering tourism --- Iberian Peninsula --- Mediterranean --- Indonesia --- Central America --- coastal boulder deposits --- storm surge --- hydrodynamic equations --- Holocene --- Pleistocene --- MIS 5e (Marine Isotope Substage 5e) --- NE Atlantic Ocean --- storm waves --- western North America --- coastal storm deposits --- high-latitude settings --- upper pleistocene --- marine isotope substage 5e --- North Atlantic Ocean --- coastal erosion --- Marine Isotope Substage 5e --- Gulf of California --- n/a --- Kalgoorlie-Boulder (SE WA Goldfields SH51-09)

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Contributions in this collection discuss storm deposits dating from Neogene time between 23 and 1.8 million years ago, as well as the last 1.8 million years, including the Pleistocene and Holocene. As today, past hurricane events were responsible for the erosion of rocky shorelines due to the impact of storm waves, in addition to flood deposits due to heavy rainfall after big storms, resulting in landfall. The former typically resulted in coastal boulder deposits (CBDs) and the latter in coastal outwash deposits (CODs). Study locations covered by this treatment include three within the confines of Mexico’s Gulf of California and three in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, including the Canary Islands and Azores, as well as the coast of Norway. Rock types canvassed in these studies are dominated by igneous rocks that include surface flows such as andesite and basalt as well as surface exposures of plutonic rocks that originated deep below the surface such as granite and near-mantle rocks like low-grade chromite. These rock types reflect a range in rock density, which has an effect on the ability of storm waves to degrade rocky shores in the production of CBDs. The site-specific studies in this collection also share an application treating the shape of boulders resulting from shore erosion. The collection is introduced by a survey covering Neogene CODs registered in the geological literature and a concluding paper focused on the use of satellite images as a means for detecting previously unrecognized coastal storm deposits.

Research & information: general --- bibliography --- large clasts --- Miocene --- Pliocene --- rocky shore --- storm --- tsunami --- barrier boulder deposits --- hurricane storm surge --- hydrodynamic equation --- Gulf of California (Mexico) --- remote sensing --- bouldering tourism --- Iberian Peninsula --- Mediterranean --- Indonesia --- Central America --- coastal boulder deposits --- storm surge --- hydrodynamic equations --- Holocene --- Pleistocene --- MIS 5e (Marine Isotope Substage 5e) --- NE Atlantic Ocean --- storm waves --- western North America --- coastal storm deposits --- high-latitude settings --- upper pleistocene --- marine isotope substage 5e --- North Atlantic Ocean --- coastal erosion --- Marine Isotope Substage 5e --- Gulf of California --- Kalgoorlie-Boulder (SE WA Goldfields SH51-09)