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This book focuses on the design of polymeric delivery systems for biomedical and nanomedicine applications as well as on understanding how such biomaterials interact in the physiological environment. The reader will find an encompassing view on the state-of-the-art of polymeric carriers, showing how current research deals with new stimuli-responsive systems for cancer therapies and biomedical challenges, namely overcoming the skin barrier. The published papers cover topics ranging from novel production methods and insights on hybrid polymers to applications as diverse as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles for antifungal skin therapy, peptide and siRNA delivery, enhanced skin absorption of bioactive molecules, and anticancer therapy. The book comprises one review paper and nine research papers.

Technology: general issues --- osteoarthritis --- monosodium iodoacetate --- p47phox --- PLGA nanoparticles --- reactive oxygen species --- full factorial design --- optimization --- metronidazole --- nanocomposites --- sodium alginate --- chitosan --- PLGA --- hybrid polymers --- chitosan-PLGA polymer --- NMR --- DSC --- FT-IR --- covalent drug conjugation --- therapeutic nanodevice --- polymeric nanoparticles --- cancer therapy --- controlled drug delivery --- redox responsive PEG-block-PLA --- nanocarriers --- disulfide bond --- controlled release --- retinol --- nanosponge --- hydrogel --- Box–Behnken design --- pharmacokinetic --- terbinafine hydrogel --- niacinamide --- polyethene glycol (PEG) 400 --- solvent --- dermal delivery --- finite dose --- porcine skin --- dissolving microneedles --- multiple sclerosis --- PLP --- transdermal delivery --- tyrosol --- nanoparticles --- Design of Experiment (DoE) --- β cyclodextrin --- DNA binding --- glyconanoparticles --- immunotherapy --- infectious diseases --- mannose receptors --- nutraceuticals --- n/a --- Box-Behnken design

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This book focuses on the design of polymeric delivery systems for biomedical and nanomedicine applications as well as on understanding how such biomaterials interact in the physiological environment. The reader will find an encompassing view on the state-of-the-art of polymeric carriers, showing how current research deals with new stimuli-responsive systems for cancer therapies and biomedical challenges, namely overcoming the skin barrier. The published papers cover topics ranging from novel production methods and insights on hybrid polymers to applications as diverse as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles for antifungal skin therapy, peptide and siRNA delivery, enhanced skin absorption of bioactive molecules, and anticancer therapy. The book comprises one review paper and nine research papers.

Technology: general issues --- osteoarthritis --- monosodium iodoacetate --- p47phox --- PLGA nanoparticles --- reactive oxygen species --- full factorial design --- optimization --- metronidazole --- nanocomposites --- sodium alginate --- chitosan --- PLGA --- hybrid polymers --- chitosan-PLGA polymer --- NMR --- DSC --- FT-IR --- covalent drug conjugation --- therapeutic nanodevice --- polymeric nanoparticles --- cancer therapy --- controlled drug delivery --- redox responsive PEG-block-PLA --- nanocarriers --- disulfide bond --- controlled release --- retinol --- nanosponge --- hydrogel --- Box-Behnken design --- pharmacokinetic --- terbinafine hydrogel --- niacinamide --- polyethene glycol (PEG) 400 --- solvent --- dermal delivery --- finite dose --- porcine skin --- dissolving microneedles --- multiple sclerosis --- PLP --- transdermal delivery --- tyrosol --- nanoparticles --- Design of Experiment (DoE) --- β cyclodextrin --- DNA binding --- glyconanoparticles --- immunotherapy --- infectious diseases --- mannose receptors --- nutraceuticals

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The Special Issue “Molecules from Side Reactions” is a collection of papers reporting on the synthesis and characterization of the molecules that come from unexpected synthetic routes. This is the first example of a Special Issue based on such a topic, notwithstanding that all synthetic chemists have isolated a side product during a chemical reaction. Instead of continuing to store the side products in the freezer, I have thought to give them the dignity of publication, making them available to the scientific community. The short manuscripts collected here respect the principle of “one compound per paper” and have the purpose of preserving the molecular diversity deriving from a chemical reaction. The molecular scaffolds are unexpected and intriguing, and could be useful starting points or intermediates for exploring novel reactions.

History of engineering & technology --- oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N–C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C–H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N′-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2′-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation --- n/a --- N-C bond cleavage --- C-H bond functionalization --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine

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The Special Issue “Molecules from Side Reactions” is a collection of papers reporting on the synthesis and characterization of the molecules that come from unexpected synthetic routes. This is the first example of a Special Issue based on such a topic, notwithstanding that all synthetic chemists have isolated a side product during a chemical reaction. Instead of continuing to store the side products in the freezer, I have thought to give them the dignity of publication, making them available to the scientific community. The short manuscripts collected here respect the principle of “one compound per paper” and have the purpose of preserving the molecular diversity deriving from a chemical reaction. The molecular scaffolds are unexpected and intriguing, and could be useful starting points or intermediates for exploring novel reactions.

oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N–C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C–H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N′-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2′-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation --- n/a --- N-C bond cleavage --- C-H bond functionalization --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane and are naturally released from cells. This kind of cargo vessel is a nanostructure that mainly transfers lipids, proteins, various nucleic acid fragments, and metabolic components to neighboring cells or distant parts of the body through the circulatory system. EVs are of great significance to the communication mechanism between cells. This book collects feature articles to enhance our understanding of the biological characteristics of EVs and their potential applications.

Medicine --- extracellular vesicle --- precision oncology --- cancer biomarker --- prostate cancer --- drug delivery --- extracellular vesicles --- lysosome --- nanocarriers --- ultrasound --- size exclusion chromatography --- differential ultracentrifugation --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) --- exosomes --- cancer --- biomarker --- diagnostic --- therapy --- liquid biopsy --- small extracellular vesicles (sEV) --- tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) --- melanoma cell-derived exosomes (MTEX) --- proteomics --- tumor microenvironment --- biomarkers --- ectosomes --- neoplasia --- microvesicles --- small extracellular vesicles --- isolation --- purification --- size-exclusion chromatography --- ultracentrifugation --- sucrose density cushion --- lymph node --- spleen --- solid tissue --- microvesicle --- exosome --- cancer therapeutic --- drug carrier --- flow cytometry --- immunophenotyping --- swarm detection --- tumor-associated macrophages --- macrophage polarization --- mannose receptor --- HIV-1 Nef --- glioblastoma --- microRNA --- immunoprecipitation --- CD44 --- human milk --- nutrient --- microbiota --- microRNAs --- nanocommunicator --- diagnostic biomarker --- drug delivery vehicle --- personalized cancer immunotherapy --- therapeutic agents --- cell-to-cell communication --- ionising radiation --- non-targeted effects --- signalling --- imaging flow cytometry --- biomarker reservoirs --- cancer diagnostics --- disease monitoring --- large EVs --- ovarian cancer cells --- ES-2 --- OAW-42 --- adipose tissue origin mesenchymal stem cells