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This Special Issue covers original and innovative basic research regarding the anti-inflammatory potential of several classes of secondary metabolites (i.e., polyphenols, phytosterols, proteoglycans, and polysaccharides) in manifestations of acute and chronic inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Medicine --- laminarin --- aging --- transient cerebral ischemia --- neuroprotection --- oxidative stress --- neuroinflammation --- marine-derived fungi --- anti-inflammation --- anti-neuroinflammation --- PTP1B --- marine biocompounds --- neurodegeneration --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- Bacillus sp. --- proteoglycan --- macrophages --- Padina boryana --- RAW 264.7 macrophages --- Nrf2/HO-1 --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- P. oceanica --- inflammation --- pain --- CD-1 mice --- laminarin --- aging --- transient cerebral ischemia --- neuroprotection --- oxidative stress --- neuroinflammation --- marine-derived fungi --- anti-inflammation --- anti-neuroinflammation --- PTP1B --- marine biocompounds --- neurodegeneration --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- Bacillus sp. --- proteoglycan --- macrophages --- Padina boryana --- RAW 264.7 macrophages --- Nrf2/HO-1 --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- P. oceanica --- inflammation --- pain --- CD-1 mice

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) currently represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Each year, more than 17.9 million people die due to CVD manifestations. To reverse these manifestations, the transplantation of secondary vessels or the use of synthetic vascular grafts represents the gold standard procedure. However, significant adverse reactions have been described in the literature regarding the use of these type of grafts. In this regard, modern therapeutic strategies focused on CVD therapeutics must be proposed and evaluated. As alternative therapies, advanced tissue engineering approaches, including decellularization procedures and the 3D additive bio-printing methods, are currently being investigated. In this Special Issue of Bioengineering, we aimed to highlight modern approaches regarding CVD. This Special Issue, entitled “Modern Approaches in Cardiovascular Disease Therapeutics: From Molecular Genetics to Tissue Engineering”, includes 5 articles. These articles are related to the efficient production of small-diameter vascular grafts, vascular graft development with 3D printing approaches, and in vitro models for the improved assessment of atherosclerosis mechanisms. The Guest Editors of this Special Issue wish to express their gratitude to all contributors for their unique and outstanding articles. Additionally, special credit is given to all reviewers for their comprehensive analysis and overall effort in improving the quality of the published articles.

Medicine --- atherosclerosis --- monocyte --- macrophage --- disease model --- collagen --- 3D cell culture --- immunomechanobiology --- small-diameter vascular grafts --- tissue engineering --- cardiovascular disease --- vascular reconstruction --- bypass surgery --- decellularization --- human umbilical arteries --- synthetic materials --- 3D and 4D printing --- thermoresponsive materials --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- repopulation --- Ki67 --- MAP kinase --- 3D bioprinting --- cell therapy --- 3D printing --- macrophages --- atherosclerosis --- monocyte --- macrophage --- disease model --- collagen --- 3D cell culture --- immunomechanobiology --- small-diameter vascular grafts --- tissue engineering --- cardiovascular disease --- vascular reconstruction --- bypass surgery --- decellularization --- human umbilical arteries --- synthetic materials --- 3D and 4D printing --- thermoresponsive materials --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- repopulation --- Ki67 --- MAP kinase --- 3D bioprinting --- cell therapy --- 3D printing --- macrophages

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Among infectious diseases, viral infections are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the most low-income countries, particularly in young children. Most of the human viruses are all well characterized in terms of structure, life-cycle, tropism, and associated primary pathologies, but many of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying their ability to cause acute infection, persist or reactivate in the host and cause chronic and/or degenerative damage, and still need to be fully clarified. At the same time, it seems necessary to develop novel therapeutic approaches and rationale, and possibly more potent antiviral compounds that are addressed to novel targets.

Medicine --- hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts

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Immunotherapy has become a viable treatment modality for a variety of cancers (and referred to as Science Magazine’s “Breakthrough of the Year” in 2013, as well as ASCO’s “Advance of the Year” in both 2016 and 2017). This Special Issue is focused on the relevance of immunobiology in brain tumors, touching on elements of immune suppression, immune stimulation, and the immune microenvironment, with culminations in translational immunotherapy.

vaccine therapy --- oncoantigen --- tumor associate antigen --- tumor angiogenesis --- high-grade glioma --- pituitary neuroendocrine tumors --- VEGF --- Treg --- TAM --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- tumor microenvironment (TME) --- glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) --- GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs) --- exosomes --- oncomiR-21 --- STAT3 inhibitor --- glioma --- diffusion tensor imaging --- generalized q-ball imaging --- treatment-related effects --- multiple resections --- adrenal insufficiency --- Addison’s disease --- bevacizumab --- cerebral radiation necrosis --- craniopharyngioma --- inflammation --- checkpoint inhibitors --- Interleukin-6

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Among infectious diseases, viral infections are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the most low-income countries, particularly in young children. Most of the human viruses are all well characterized in terms of structure, life-cycle, tropism, and associated primary pathologies, but many of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying their ability to cause acute infection, persist or reactivate in the host and cause chronic and/or degenerative damage, and still need to be fully clarified. At the same time, it seems necessary to develop novel therapeutic approaches and rationale, and possibly more potent antiviral compounds that are addressed to novel targets.

Medicine --- hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts --- hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts