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p38 Mitogen activated protein kinases (p38MAPK) are a group of evolutionary conserved protein kinases which are central for cell adaptation to environmental changes as well as for immune response, inflammation, tissue regeneration and tumour formation. The interest in this group of protein kinases has grown continually since their discovery. Recent studies using new genetic and pharmacological tools are providing helpful information on the function of these stress-activated protein kinases and show that they have an acute impact on the development of prevalent diseases related to inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In this Special Issue we present novel advances and review the knowledge on the identification of p38MAPK substrates, functions, and regulation; mechanisms underlying the role of p38MAPK in malignant transformation and other pathologies; and therapeutic opportunities associated with regulation of p38MAPK activity.

arginine methylation --- erythroid differentiation --- MKK3 --- phosphorylation, PRMT1 --- p38 MAPK --- cocaine --- conditioned place preference --- reward --- stress --- anxiety --- depression --- nucleus accumbens --- social interaction --- k opioid receptors --- p38α --- Rab5 --- endosome --- Alzheimer’s --- Lewy Bodies --- amyloid-β --- tau --- α-synuclein --- p38-MAPK α inhibitor --- Alzheimer’s disease --- synaptic plasticity --- neuroinflammation --- β-amyloid --- Tau --- Kv4.2 --- seizure --- temporal lobe epilepsy --- hippocampus --- neuronal firing and excitability --- p38MAPK --- nuclear translocation --- β-like importins --- inflammation --- cancer --- skeletal muscle --- energy metabolism --- signal transduction --- exercise --- type 2 diabetes --- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase --- bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis --- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis --- RNA sequencing --- alveolar epithelial type II cells --- MAPK --- p38 --- physiology --- metabolism --- signaling --- hypoxia --- arrhythmia --- MAPK11 --- p38β --- n/a --- Alzheimer's --- Alzheimer's disease

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This Special Issue covers original and innovative basic research regarding the anti-inflammatory potential of several classes of secondary metabolites (i.e., polyphenols, phytosterols, proteoglycans, and polysaccharides) in manifestations of acute and chronic inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Medicine --- laminarin --- aging --- transient cerebral ischemia --- neuroprotection --- oxidative stress --- neuroinflammation --- marine-derived fungi --- anti-inflammation --- anti-neuroinflammation --- PTP1B --- marine biocompounds --- neurodegeneration --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- Bacillus sp. --- proteoglycan --- macrophages --- Padina boryana --- RAW 264.7 macrophages --- Nrf2/HO-1 --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- P. oceanica --- inflammation --- pain --- CD-1 mice

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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

Medicine --- MSI2 --- OSCC --- oral cancer --- musashi 2 --- prognosis --- N-cadherin --- EMT --- breast cancer --- new metastasis --- eribulin --- blood --- biomarker --- bladder cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- CD8+ T effector cells --- microRNA --- biomarkers --- head and neck cancer --- laryngeal cancer --- prediction --- metastasis --- lifestyle habit --- chemo-/radio resistance --- therapeutic target --- AKT --- AR --- castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- MAPK --- mTOR --- PI3K --- prostate cancer --- therapeutic resistance --- WNT --- miRNA --- melanoma --- melanoma resistance to MAPK/MEK inhibitors --- resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors --- TNBC --- BRCA1/2 --- HRR --- PDL1 --- TILs --- PI3KCA --- PTEN --- CTCs --- CSC --- pancreatic cancer --- K-RAS oncogene --- oncogene dependency --- targeted therapies --- genomic mutations --- transcriptomics --- metabolomics --- selenoproteins --- cancer --- HUB nodes --- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) --- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) --- antigen processing machinery (APM) molecules --- carcinogenesis --- tumor predisposition --- cancer immunotherapy --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- head and neck neoplasms --- head and neck tumors --- genetic syndromes --- mutations --- hyperglycemia --- cardioncology --- nivolumab --- cytokines --- cardiotoxicity --- acetyltransferase --- cancer prognosis --- NAA10 --- n/a

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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

MSI2 --- OSCC --- oral cancer --- musashi 2 --- prognosis --- N-cadherin --- EMT --- breast cancer --- new metastasis --- eribulin --- blood --- biomarker --- bladder cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- CD8+ T effector cells --- microRNA --- biomarkers --- head and neck cancer --- laryngeal cancer --- prediction --- metastasis --- lifestyle habit --- chemo-/radio resistance --- therapeutic target --- AKT --- AR --- castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- MAPK --- mTOR --- PI3K --- prostate cancer --- therapeutic resistance --- WNT --- miRNA --- melanoma --- melanoma resistance to MAPK/MEK inhibitors --- resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors --- TNBC --- BRCA1/2 --- HRR --- PDL1 --- TILs --- PI3KCA --- PTEN --- CTCs --- CSC --- pancreatic cancer --- K-RAS oncogene --- oncogene dependency --- targeted therapies --- genomic mutations --- transcriptomics --- metabolomics --- selenoproteins --- cancer --- HUB nodes --- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) --- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) --- antigen processing machinery (APM) molecules --- carcinogenesis --- tumor predisposition --- cancer immunotherapy --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- head and neck neoplasms --- head and neck tumors --- genetic syndromes --- mutations --- hyperglycemia --- cardioncology --- nivolumab --- cytokines --- cardiotoxicity --- acetyltransferase --- cancer prognosis --- NAA10 --- n/a

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This book collected recent innovative research and review articles on analytical techniques, production protocols, biotechnological tools, and new insights into bioactivities of ginsenosides including the effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammation as well as on diseases such as ischemic stroke, autoimmune diseases, and allergic disorders. Additionally, the analysis through molecular docking and an overview of the Panax ginseng pharmacopuncture were also presented.

Medicine --- Ginseng berries --- UPLC-QTOF/MS --- HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy --- ginsenoside --- primary metabolite --- notoginseng leaf triterpenes --- HMGB1 --- cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury --- inflammation --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- Panax ginseng --- wild ginseng --- pharmacopuncture --- safety --- clinical trials --- ocotillol type ginsenoside epimers --- stereoselective ADME characteristics --- molecular docking analysis --- homology modeling --- molecular interaction --- Rg3 --- Th17 --- RORγt --- EAE --- Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans --- complete genome sequence --- novel glycoside hydrolases --- bioconversion --- recombinant enzyme --- ginsenoside Rg3(S) --- gram unit production --- Asian ginseng --- American ginseng --- Panax quinquefolium L. --- ginsenosides --- anti-inflammation --- pro-resolving --- ginseng --- macrophage --- M2 polarization --- ginsenoside CK --- neurogenesis --- cell proliferation --- neuroprotection --- dammarane-type triterpene saponin --- ginsenoside MT1 --- transglycosylation --- biotransformation --- biotechnology --- Anxa2 --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- (20S)G-Rh2 --- bioreactor --- cell suspension --- hairy root --- polyploidy --- protoplast --- Panax sp. --- polysaccharides --- allergy --- immune system --- n/a --- compound M1 --- hepatoprotective --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic