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The foundations of sports cardiology include promoting physical activity and providing a safe environment for training and competition for all athletes at all levels, from professional to recreational. To combine these two aims, reliable tools to perform preparticipation screenings are needed. Moreover, those at high risk of potentially life-threatening events should be advised to limit their training load, while others should be reassured that there is no exercise-related cardiovascular risk. We are currently witnessing the advent of new portable devices for remote and mobile heart monitoring and several new and promising biochemical markers, which can support athletes’ diagnostic processes. In this Special Issue of the Diagnostics journal entitled “Diagnostic Challenges in Sports Cardiology”, we present a series of 13 manuscripts, including eight original works, three reviews, and two case reports, which give a glimpse into the current research topics in the area of sports cardiology.

professional ultramarathon runner --- echocardiography --- electrocardiogram --- magnetic resonance imaging --- Cardiac 31P-MR spectroscopy --- blood tests --- running --- exercise --- marathon --- troponin --- risk factor --- AVNRT --- endurance training --- HRM --- triathlon --- exertion cardiac arrhythmia --- Holter ECG --- sudden cardiac arrest --- CPVT --- catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia --- genetic testing --- cardiovascular capacity --- performance --- cross-country skiing amateur --- heart --- vegan --- athletes’ hearts --- runners --- diet --- biomarkers --- amateur --- sports cardiology --- microRNA --- endurance sport --- adaptive changes --- cardiac hypertrophy --- cardiac fibrosis --- asymptomatic preexcitation --- athlete --- WPW --- heart rate --- respiratory rate --- heart rate variability --- reliability --- repeatability --- modern penthatlon --- athletes --- heart rate monitor --- ECG --- portable/wearable monitoring system --- endurance running --- cycling --- long-term assessment --- arrhythmia --- exertion rhythm disorders --- QARDIO MD system --- modern pentathlon --- physiological state --- autonomic nervous system --- caffeine --- anabolic androgenic steroids --- heart disease --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- n/a --- athletes' hearts

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Complexity is a ubiquitous phenomenon in physiology that allows living systems to adapt to external perturbations. Fractal structures, self-organization, nonlinearity, interactions at different scales, and interconnections among systems through anatomical and functional networks, may originate complexity. Biomedical signals from physiological systems may carry information about the system complexity useful to identify physiological states, monitor health, and predict pathological events. Therefore, complexity analysis of biomedical signals is a rapidly evolving field aimed at extracting information on the physiological systems. This book consists of 16 contributions from authors with a strong scientific background in biomedical signals analysis. It includes reviews on the state-of-the-art of complexity studies in specific medical applications, new methods to improve complexity quantifiers, and novel complexity analyses in physiological or clinical scenarios. It presents a wide spectrum of methods investigating the entropic properties, multifractal structure, self-organized criticality, and information dynamics of biomedical signals touching upon three physiological areas: the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, the heart-brain interactions. The book is aimed at experienced researchers in signal analysis and presents the latest trends in the complexity methods in physiology and medicine with the hope of inspiring future works advancing this fascinating area of research.

autonomic nervous function --- heart rate variability (HRV) --- baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) --- photo-plethysmo-graphy (PPG) --- digital volume pulse (DVP) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- heart rate variability --- posture --- entropy --- complexity --- cognitive task --- sample entropy --- brain functional networks --- dynamic functional connectivity --- static functional connectivity --- K-means clustering algorithm --- fragmentation --- aging in human population --- factor analysis --- support vector machines classification --- Sampen --- cross-entropy --- autonomic nervous system --- heart rate --- blood pressure --- hypobaric hypoxia --- rehabilitation medicine --- labor --- fetal heart rate --- data compression --- complexity analysis --- nonlinear analysis --- preterm --- Alzheimer’s disease --- brain signals --- single-channel analysis --- biomarker --- refined composite multiscale entropy --- central autonomic network --- interconnectivity --- ECG --- ectopic beat --- baroreflex --- self-organized criticality --- vasovagal syncope --- Zipf’s law --- multifractality --- multiscale complexity --- detrended fluctuation analysis --- self-similarity --- sEMG --- approximate entropy --- fuzzy entropy --- fractal dimension --- recurrence quantification analysis --- correlation dimension --- largest Lyapunov exponent --- time series analysis --- relative consistency --- event-related de/synchronization --- motor imagery --- vector quantization --- information dynamics --- partial information decomposition --- conditional transfer entropy --- network physiology --- multivariate time series analysis --- State–space models --- vector autoregressive model --- penalized regression techniques --- linear prediction --- fNIRS --- brain dynamics --- mental arithmetics --- multiscale --- cardiovascular system --- brain --- information flow

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Complexity is a ubiquitous phenomenon in physiology that allows living systems to adapt to external perturbations. Fractal structures, self-organization, nonlinearity, interactions at different scales, and interconnections among systems through anatomical and functional networks, may originate complexity. Biomedical signals from physiological systems may carry information about the system complexity useful to identify physiological states, monitor health, and predict pathological events. Therefore, complexity analysis of biomedical signals is a rapidly evolving field aimed at extracting information on the physiological systems. This book consists of 16 contributions from authors with a strong scientific background in biomedical signals analysis. It includes reviews on the state-of-the-art of complexity studies in specific medical applications, new methods to improve complexity quantifiers, and novel complexity analyses in physiological or clinical scenarios. It presents a wide spectrum of methods investigating the entropic properties, multifractal structure, self-organized criticality, and information dynamics of biomedical signals touching upon three physiological areas: the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, the heart-brain interactions. The book is aimed at experienced researchers in signal analysis and presents the latest trends in the complexity methods in physiology and medicine with the hope of inspiring future works advancing this fascinating area of research.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- autonomic nervous function --- heart rate variability (HRV) --- baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) --- photo-plethysmo-graphy (PPG) --- digital volume pulse (DVP) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- heart rate variability --- posture --- entropy --- complexity --- cognitive task --- sample entropy --- brain functional networks --- dynamic functional connectivity --- static functional connectivity --- K-means clustering algorithm --- fragmentation --- aging in human population --- factor analysis --- support vector machines classification --- Sampen --- cross-entropy --- autonomic nervous system --- heart rate --- blood pressure --- hypobaric hypoxia --- rehabilitation medicine --- labor --- fetal heart rate --- data compression --- complexity analysis --- nonlinear analysis --- preterm --- Alzheimer’s disease --- brain signals --- single-channel analysis --- biomarker --- refined composite multiscale entropy --- central autonomic network --- interconnectivity --- ECG --- ectopic beat --- baroreflex --- self-organized criticality --- vasovagal syncope --- Zipf’s law --- multifractality --- multiscale complexity --- detrended fluctuation analysis --- self-similarity --- sEMG --- approximate entropy --- fuzzy entropy --- fractal dimension --- recurrence quantification analysis --- correlation dimension --- largest Lyapunov exponent --- time series analysis --- relative consistency --- event-related de/synchronization --- motor imagery --- vector quantization --- information dynamics --- partial information decomposition --- conditional transfer entropy --- network physiology --- multivariate time series analysis --- State–space models --- vector autoregressive model --- penalized regression techniques --- linear prediction --- fNIRS --- brain dynamics --- mental arithmetics --- multiscale --- cardiovascular system --- brain --- information flow

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This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142) available at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jfmk/special_issues/Exercise_Evaluation

Lifestyle, sport & leisure --- anthropometry --- body composition --- DXA --- equation --- fat mass --- soccer --- somatotype --- skinfolds --- activity pacing --- multiple sclerosis --- perceived risk of overactivity --- perceived fatigue --- health-related quality of life --- rehabilitation --- dose --- acute response --- chronic response --- internal load --- external load --- exercise and training prescription --- exercise is medicine --- personalized medicine --- physical activity --- oncology --- unsupervised exercise --- lifestyle --- exercise prescription --- body weight --- obesity --- motor control test --- stability --- Y balance test --- first position --- Nordic walking --- type 2 diabetes --- cardiometabolic fitness --- target heart rate --- RPE --- Talk Test --- hydration --- urine specific gravity --- athletes --- heart rate --- fatigue --- alertness --- BIVA --- phase angle --- R-Xc graph --- tolerance ellipses --- reaction time --- pilots --- motor imagery --- video observation --- renal health --- wearable devices --- technology --- acute kidney injury --- inertial measurement units (IMU) --- energy availability --- relative energy deficiency in sport --- sports nutrition --- women soccer athletes --- nutrition knowledge --- LEAF-Q --- COVID-19 --- prevention --- inactivity --- home-based exercise --- mental health --- psychological well-being --- n/a

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This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142) available at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jfmk/special_issues/Exercise_Evaluation

Lifestyle, sport & leisure --- anthropometry --- body composition --- DXA --- equation --- fat mass --- soccer --- somatotype --- skinfolds --- activity pacing --- multiple sclerosis --- perceived risk of overactivity --- perceived fatigue --- health-related quality of life --- rehabilitation --- dose --- acute response --- chronic response --- internal load --- external load --- exercise and training prescription --- exercise is medicine --- personalized medicine --- physical activity --- oncology --- unsupervised exercise --- lifestyle --- exercise prescription --- body weight --- obesity --- motor control test --- stability --- Y balance test --- first position --- Nordic walking --- type 2 diabetes --- cardiometabolic fitness --- target heart rate --- RPE --- Talk Test --- hydration --- urine specific gravity --- athletes --- heart rate --- fatigue --- alertness --- BIVA --- phase angle --- R-Xc graph --- tolerance ellipses --- reaction time --- pilots --- motor imagery --- video observation --- renal health --- wearable devices --- technology --- acute kidney injury --- inertial measurement units (IMU) --- energy availability --- relative energy deficiency in sport --- sports nutrition --- women soccer athletes --- nutrition knowledge --- LEAF-Q --- COVID-19 --- prevention --- inactivity --- home-based exercise --- mental health --- psychological well-being