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This multi-volume publication with an overall of 42 contributions investigates the position of ,Völkerkunde" (socio-cultural anthropology) from Vienna during the Nazi era, in exile as well as inside the "Third Reich". Central attention is given to institutional and biographical networks and the history of ideas. The relevant academic spectrum not only includes "Völkerkunde"/ethnology (socio-cultural anthropology), but also comprises important neighboring fields ranging from physical anthropology to archaeological prehistory, folklore studies ("Volkskunde") as weil as to African and Japanese studies.Diese mehrbändige Publikation mit insgesamt 42 Beiträgen widmet sich der Stellung der Völkerkunde aus Wien während der NS-Zeit, im Exil und im "Dritten Reich". Im Fokus stehen institutionelle und biographische Netzwerke sowie ideengeschichtliche Aspekte. Das Spektrum umfasst dabei nicht nur die zentrale Völkerkunde/ Ethnologie, sondern auch wichtige Nachbarfächer von physischer Anthropologie über Ur-und Frühgeschichte bis hin zu Volkskunde, Afrikanistik und Japanologie.
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Ensuring economic sustainability is key to achieving the IMF’s surveillance mandate of maintaining present and prospective balance of payments and domestic stability, assuring orderly exchange arrangements, and promoting a stable system of exchange rates. A good understanding of issues related to economic sustainability is thus essential for the IMF to provide effective surveillance and policy advice, while it requires a broad perspective and a long time horizon. With respect to the IMF’s surveillance mandate, the principle of macro-criticality, which guides the IMF’s engagement with its members, is sufficiently flexible and broad, allowing the IMF to cover issues related to economic sustainability. At the same time, given the wide range of issues that are related to economic sustainability, IMF surveillance needs to be selective and focused, with the choice of issues made on a case-by-case basis, considering country circumstances. It also needs to leverage the expertise of other institutions when necessary. The IMF and other institutions have advanced work to enhance analytical frameworks and indicators related to economic sustainability, and this should continue.
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This multi-volume publication with an overall of 42 contributions investigates the position of ,Völkerkunde" (socio-cultural anthropology) from Vienna during the Nazi era, in exile as well as inside the "Third Reich". Central attention is given to institutional and biographical networks and the history of ideas. The relevant academic spectrum not only includes "Völkerkunde"/ethnology (socio-cultural anthropology), but also comprises important neighboring fields ranging from physical anthropology to archaeological prehistory, folklore studies ("Volkskunde") as weil as to African and Japanese studies.Diese mehrbändige Publikation mit insgesamt 42 Beiträgen widmet sich der Stellung der Völkerkunde aus Wien während der NS-Zeit, im Exil und im "Dritten Reich". Im Fokus stehen institutionelle und biographische Netzwerke sowie ideengeschichtliche Aspekte. Das Spektrum umfasst dabei nicht nur die zentrale Völkerkunde/ Ethnologie, sondern auch wichtige Nachbarfächer von physischer Anthropologie über Ur-und Frühgeschichte bis hin zu Volkskunde, Afrikanistik und Japanologie.
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This paper investigates how macroeconomic uncertainty affects the fiscal multiplier of public investment. In theory, uncertainty can reduce the multiplier if the private sector becomes more cautious and does not respond to the fiscal stimulus. Conversely, it can increase the fiscal multiplier if public investment shocks improve private agents’ expectations about future economic outlook, and lead to larger private spending. Using the disagreement about GDP forecasts as a proxy for uncertainty, we find that unexpected increases in public investment have larger and longer-lasting effects on output, investment, and employment during periods of high uncertainty, with multipliers above 2, and the larger multipliers are not driven by economic slack. Public investment shocks are also found to boost private sector confidence during heightened uncertainty, driving-up expectations about future economic development which in turn magnify private sector response to the initial stimulus.
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Green debt markets are rapidly growing while product design and standards are evolving. Many policymakers and investors view green debt as an important component in the policy mix to achieve the transition to a low carbon economy and ensure the pricing of climate risks. Our analysis contributes to the nascent literature on the environmental impact of green debt by documenting the CO2 emission intensity of corporate green debt issuers. We find lower emission intensities for green bond issuers relative to other firms, but no difference for green loan and sustainability-linked loan borrowers. Green bond, green loan, and sustainability-linked loan borrowers lower their emission intensity over time at a faster rate than other firms.
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Where do economic cycles come from? This paper contemplates an utmost minimalistic model and underlying theory that rest on two assumptions for letting them emerge endogenously: (1) the presence of interest-bearing debt; and (2) a degree of downward nominal wage rigidity. Despite its parsimony, the model generates well-behaved, self-evolving limit cycles and replicates six essential empirical facts: (1) booms are long- while recessions short-lived; (2) leverage is procyclical; (3) firm profit and wage shares in GDP are counter- and procyclical, respectively; (4) Phillips curves are downward-sloping and convex, and Okun’s law relation is replicated; (5) default cascades arise endogenously at the turning points to recessions; (6) lending spreads are countercyclical. One can refer to the model as being of a Dynamic Stochastic General Disequilibrium (DSGD) kind.
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