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The advent of additive manufacturing (AM) processes applied to the fabrication of structural components creates the need for design methodologies supporting structural optimization approaches that take into account the specific characteristics of the process. While AM processes enable unprecedented geometrical design freedom, which can result in significant reductions of component weight, on the other hand they have implications in the fatigue and fracture strength due to residual stresses and microstructural features. This is linked to stress concentration effects and anisotropy that still warrant further research. This Special Issue of Applied Sciences brings together papers investigating the features of AM processes relevant to the mechanical behavior of AM structural components, particularly, but not exclusively, from the viewpoints of fatigue and fracture behavior. Although the focus of the issue is on AM problems related to fatigue and fracture, articles dealing with other manufacturing processes with related problems are also be included.

milling process --- part functionality --- surface integrity --- research progress --- non-proportional mixed mode loading --- fractography --- mode II stress intensity factor --- finite element analysis --- rail steel --- wheel steel --- monolithic zirconia crown --- dental implant abutment --- cyclic loading --- mode III stress intensity factor --- FEA --- adaptive control --- fatigue testing --- simply supported bending --- mini specimen --- additive manufacturing --- 304L stainless steel --- LCF --- crack propagation --- blade-disc-Franc3D --- mixed-mode cracking --- fatigue life improvement --- materials characterization --- ultrasonic impact treatment --- DMLS --- fatigue --- fracture --- finite element method (FEM)

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Legume crops provide a significant sources of plant-based proteins for humans. Grain legumes present outstanding nutritional and nutraceutical properties as sources of bioactive components with benefits in human health, while they are affordable food that contributes to achieving future food and feed security. Furthermore, they are major ingredients in the Mediterranean diet, playing a vital role in developing countries. Global food security requires a major re-focusing of plant sciences, crop improvement and production agronomy towards grain legumes (pulse crops) over coming decades, with intensive research to identify cultivars with improved grain characteristics, helping to develop novel legume-derived products (foods) adapted to today consumer preference. In this context, studies dealing with legume processing impact such as soaking, boiling, microwave cooking, germination, and fermentation among others, in their nutritional and anti-nutritional (i.e., food allergy) properties are of great interest in these future food developments. This Research Topic aims to bring together a collection of studies for a better understanding of current research in legume seed compounds functional properties to provide an updated and global vision of the importance of legumes in human health.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Lens --- protein --- amino acid --- legume --- functionality --- bioactive peptides --- gluten-free --- legumes --- faba beans --- fermentation --- textural properties --- nutritional properties --- wattle seed species --- nutritional profile --- sensory profile --- gel electrophoresis --- vicilin --- 7S-globulins --- food allergens --- Lup an 1 --- sweet lupin species --- food labelling --- processed food --- defatted soybean flour --- jet mill --- super-fine powder --- tofu --- quantitative descriptive analysis --- texture profile analysis --- volatiles --- fatty acids --- characterisation --- fingerprinting --- multivariate data analysis --- lupin --- plant protein --- aroma profile --- techno-functional properties --- lactobacteria --- foam --- SDS-PAGE --- solubility --- emulsifying capacity --- pea protein --- lactic acid bacteria --- yeast --- beany --- green --- soybean --- allergens --- allergenicity --- genetically modified --- Gly m 7 --- galactooligosaccharides --- GOS --- gut microbiota --- pea --- prebiotic --- raffinose oligosaccharides --- short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) --- pulses --- health benefits --- processing --- microbiota --- sensory properties

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Legume crops provide a significant sources of plant-based proteins for humans. Grain legumes present outstanding nutritional and nutraceutical properties as sources of bioactive components with benefits in human health, while they are affordable food that contributes to achieving future food and feed security. Furthermore, they are major ingredients in the Mediterranean diet, playing a vital role in developing countries. Global food security requires a major re-focusing of plant sciences, crop improvement and production agronomy towards grain legumes (pulse crops) over coming decades, with intensive research to identify cultivars with improved grain characteristics, helping to develop novel legume-derived products (foods) adapted to today consumer preference. In this context, studies dealing with legume processing impact such as soaking, boiling, microwave cooking, germination, and fermentation among others, in their nutritional and anti-nutritional (i.e., food allergy) properties are of great interest in these future food developments. This Research Topic aims to bring together a collection of studies for a better understanding of current research in legume seed compounds functional properties to provide an updated and global vision of the importance of legumes in human health.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Lens --- protein --- amino acid --- legume --- functionality --- bioactive peptides --- gluten-free --- legumes --- faba beans --- fermentation --- textural properties --- nutritional properties --- wattle seed species --- nutritional profile --- sensory profile --- gel electrophoresis --- vicilin --- 7S-globulins --- food allergens --- Lup an 1 --- sweet lupin species --- food labelling --- processed food --- defatted soybean flour --- jet mill --- super-fine powder --- tofu --- quantitative descriptive analysis --- texture profile analysis --- volatiles --- fatty acids --- characterisation --- fingerprinting --- multivariate data analysis --- lupin --- plant protein --- aroma profile --- techno-functional properties --- lactobacteria --- foam --- SDS-PAGE --- solubility --- emulsifying capacity --- pea protein --- lactic acid bacteria --- yeast --- beany --- green --- soybean --- allergens --- allergenicity --- genetically modified --- Gly m 7 --- galactooligosaccharides --- GOS --- gut microbiota --- pea --- prebiotic --- raffinose oligosaccharides --- short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) --- pulses --- health benefits --- processing --- microbiota --- sensory properties

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This book, "Cytochromes P450: Drug Metabolism, Bioactivation and Biodiversity", presents five papers on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and P450 reductase, three reviews on the role of CYPs in humans and their use as biomarkers, six papers on CYPs in microorganisms, and one study on CYP in insects. The first paper reports the in silico modeling of human CYP3A4 access channels. The second uses structural methods to explain the mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 by mibefradil, 6,7-dihydroxy-bergamottin, and azamulin. The third article compares electron transfer in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 using structural and biochemical methods, and the fourth uses kinetic methods to study electron transfer to CYP2C8 allelic mutants. The fifth article characterizes electron transfer between the reductase and CYP using in silico and in vitro methods, focusing on the conformations of the reductase. Then, two reviews describe clinical implications in cardiology and oncology and the role of fatty acid metabolism in cardiology and skin diseases. The second review is on the potential use of circulating extracellular vesicles as biomarkers. Five papers analyze the CYPomes of diverse microorganisms: the Bacillus genus, Mycobacteria, the fungi Tremellomycetes, Cyanobacteria, and Streptomyces. The sixth focuses on a specific Mycobacterium CYP, CYP128, and its importance in M. tuberculosis. The subject of the last paper is CYP in Sogatella furcifera, a plant pest, and its resistance to the insecticide sulfoxaflor.

Research & information: general --- Antibiotics --- Bacillus --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- comparative analysis --- cytochrome P450 monooxygenase --- Mycobacterium --- P450 diversity percentage --- P450 profiling --- secondary metabolites --- NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) --- microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) --- Cytochrome b5 (CYB5) --- protein dynamics --- electron-transfer (ET) --- protein–protein interaction --- cytochromes P450 --- CYP3A4 --- active site access channels --- cavities boundaries --- minimal cost paths --- CYP139A1 --- genome data mining --- host metabolism --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- polyketides --- tuberculosis --- cryptococcus --- cryptococcus neoformans --- CYP51 --- fungal pathogens --- genome data-mining --- human pathogens --- CYP diversity analysis --- tremellomycetes --- trichosporon --- mechanism-based inhibitor --- crystal structure --- CYP4 genes --- genetic polymorphisms --- 20-HETE --- fatty acid --- arachidonic acid --- SNPs --- molecular functionality --- metabolism --- lamellar ichthyosis --- Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy --- cytochrome P450 --- isoform --- membrane protein --- protein-membrane interactions --- enzyme substrate specificity --- mutagenesis --- molecular dynamics simulation --- Sogatella furcifera --- sulfoxaflor --- transcriptome --- RNA interference --- CYP2C8 --- polymorphisms --- reactive oxygen species --- paclitaxel --- cytochrome P450 reductase --- electron transfer --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- extrahepatic tissues --- plasma --- circulatory CYPs --- CYP450 --- drug metabolism --- precision Cardio-Oncology --- precision medicine --- systems medicine --- cytochromes P450 monooxygenases --- Cyanobacteria --- gene-cluster diversity percentage --- mathematical formula --- phylogenetic analysis --- Streptomyces --- cytochrome P450 monooxygenases --- terpenes --- P450 blooming --- non-ribosomal peptides --- cytochrome P450 monooxygenenases --- CYP128A1 --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv --- molecular dynamic simulations --- azole drugs --- menaquinone