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This technical brief addresses the issue of urethral fistula, an abnormal connection between the urethra and skin surface, commonly observed in voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) programs, particularly among young adolescents. It discusses the diagnosis, management, and prevention of urethral fistula, emphasizing client safety and the importance of specialized surgical techniques. The document highlights risk factors, such as the age and developmental stage of the patient, and provides guidelines for practitioners to minimize complications. Intended for healthcare providers, the brief underscores the need for proper training, careful surgical practices, and appropriate patient education to ensure successful outcomes in circumcision procedures.

Fistula, Recto-urethral. --- Surgery. --- Fistula, Recto-urethral --- Surgery

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Cancer has been a patient-specific and difficult-to-treat disease for decades, resulting in more deaths since 1900 than all other diseases except cardiovascular diseases. As societies around the world continue to shift towards an aging population, the social and economic burden created by cancer will only rise in the coming decades, necessitating continued improvement in our cancer therapies. Remarkably, in the late 1800s, bone surgeon William Coley serendipitously discovered that bacteria could be administered to patients as an effective (and sometimes toxic) form of cancer therapy known as "Coley's Toxins". His discoveries unknowingly led to two fields of cancer therapy that have been in development for decades and are now leading to significant improvements in therapy for cancer patients: immune-based and toxin-based therapies for cancer. Articles included here discuss the discoveries that emerged from Coley's Toxins that enable us to harness the immune system and microbial toxins to combat cancers, as oncology shifts from a field dominated by chemotherapy for most of the 20th century to biologic therapies that will dominate the 21st century.

Medicine --- immunotoxin --- ribotoxin --- α-sarcin --- RNase T1 --- furin --- intracellular trafficking --- colorectal cancer --- botulinum toxin --- botulinum neurotoxin --- cancer --- cancer cells --- neuropathic pain --- post-surgical pain --- parotid gland --- submaxillary gland --- gustatory hyperhidrosis --- sialocele --- parotid fistula --- immunotherapy --- vaccine --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- adoptive cell therapy --- cytokine therapy --- Coley’s Toxins --- glioblastoma --- drug discovery --- cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 --- protein purification --- recombinant protein production --- shiga toxins --- Gb3/CD77 --- apoptosis --- ER stress --- autophagy --- Burkitt lymphoma --- n/a --- Coley's Toxins

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Cancer has been a patient-specific and difficult-to-treat disease for decades, resulting in more deaths since 1900 than all other diseases except cardiovascular diseases. As societies around the world continue to shift towards an aging population, the social and economic burden created by cancer will only rise in the coming decades, necessitating continued improvement in our cancer therapies. Remarkably, in the late 1800s, bone surgeon William Coley serendipitously discovered that bacteria could be administered to patients as an effective (and sometimes toxic) form of cancer therapy known as "Coley's Toxins". His discoveries unknowingly led to two fields of cancer therapy that have been in development for decades and are now leading to significant improvements in therapy for cancer patients: immune-based and toxin-based therapies for cancer. Articles included here discuss the discoveries that emerged from Coley's Toxins that enable us to harness the immune system and microbial toxins to combat cancers, as oncology shifts from a field dominated by chemotherapy for most of the 20th century to biologic therapies that will dominate the 21st century.

Medicine --- immunotoxin --- ribotoxin --- α-sarcin --- RNase T1 --- furin --- intracellular trafficking --- colorectal cancer --- botulinum toxin --- botulinum neurotoxin --- cancer --- cancer cells --- neuropathic pain --- post-surgical pain --- parotid gland --- submaxillary gland --- gustatory hyperhidrosis --- sialocele --- parotid fistula --- immunotherapy --- vaccine --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- adoptive cell therapy --- cytokine therapy --- Coley's Toxins --- glioblastoma --- drug discovery --- cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 --- protein purification --- recombinant protein production --- shiga toxins --- Gb3/CD77 --- apoptosis --- ER stress --- autophagy --- Burkitt lymphoma

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Dear Colleagues, The rapidly changing field of medicine and healthcare is increasingly adopting scientific and technological innovations, making interdisciplinary collaborations especially important. In this context, medical disciplines are becoming increasingly interlinked with other specialities and fields. A more interdisciplinary approach to the patient is needed, especially for complex patients with numerous comorbidities, most of whom are usually elderly and fragile. The greatest challenges to human health lie at the intersection of different medical fields. An interdisciplinary medical team is increasingly necessary with the rapid expansion of medical knowledge. Given the importance of interdisciplinarity in the field of medicine and research, the international journal Medicina-Lithuania has launched this Special Issue. The Special Issue has attracted the interest of different groups of researchers, and very interesting articles from different countries. Reviews or original articles dealing with interdisciplinary medical problems, as well as articles providing an up-to-date overview of the diagnostic protocols and treatments for patients with multiple comorbidities have been published. I thank all the authors for sharing their research and wish all readers a fruitful and stimulating read! Assoc. Prof. Dr. Camelia DIACONU Guest Editor

Medicine --- ectopic kidney --- locally advanced cervical cancer --- nephrectomy --- skin cancer --- squamous cell carcinoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- malignant melanoma --- surgery --- quality of life --- breast reconstruction --- timing --- mastectomy --- adjuvant therapy --- fertility preservation --- cryo-preservation --- vitrification --- breast cancer --- dietary attitude --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- diabetes self-management --- empowerment approach --- dietary behavior --- early stage --- ovarian cancer --- para-aortic lymph node metastases --- synchronous malignancies --- cervical adenocarcinoma --- serous ovarian adenocarcinoma --- PSFT --- resection --- pulmonary adenocarcinoma --- Krukenberg tumors --- ureteral stenosis --- chronic kidney disease --- preeclampsia --- hypertension --- proteinuria --- type 2 diabetes --- hemoglobin A1c --- matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 --- anti-elastin antibodies --- anti-collagen IV antibodies --- diabetic retinopathy --- diabetic nephropathy --- macrovascular complications --- nephrotic syndrome --- thrombosis --- inherited risk factors --- mutation --- anticoagulation --- medical malpractice --- doctor-patient relationship --- communication --- complications --- diagnostic error --- preventive measures --- retrospective study --- children --- self-medication --- risks --- beliefs --- Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome --- primary amenorrhea --- surgical management --- vaginal reconstruction --- plastic surgery --- oral graft versus host disease --- topical corticosteroids --- dexamethasone --- clobetasol --- budesonide --- tuberous sclerosis --- angiomyolipomatosis --- uretero-hydronephrosis --- angiofibromas --- VCAM-1 --- E-selectin --- psoriasis --- methotrexate --- adalimumab --- colosalpingeal fistula --- enterotubal fistula --- diverticular fistulation --- diagnosis --- hysteroscopy management --- pregnancy-associated breast cancer --- Romania --- primary --- pleural --- hydatidosis --- Albendazole --- echinoccocus --- caudal duplication syndrome --- colorectal duplication --- genitourinary duplication --- congenital malformation --- pediatric surgery --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- SIADH --- dyselectrolytemia --- hyponatremia --- Silesian Voivodeship --- gold hour --- cardiovascular diseases --- Medical Emergency Team --- acute cholecystitis --- laparoscopic cholecystectomy --- elderly --- safety --- young lung cancer --- depression --- anxiety --- multiple correspondence analysis --- k-means clustering