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When civil conflicts break out in plural societies, violence often occurs along group divides—running the risk of spiraling into ethnic cleansing. Yet for militants who do not seek ethnic separation as a political goal, indiscriminate attacks are detrimental to their cause. Under what circumstances are such combatants more or less likely to commit ethnic violence?Nils Hägerdal examines the Lebanese civil war to offer a new theory that highlights the interplay of ethnicity and intelligence gathering. He shows that when militias can obtain reliable intelligence—particularly in demographically intermixed areas where information can cross ethnic boundaries—they are likely to refrain from indiscriminate tactics. Access to local intelligence helps armed groups distinguish between neutral and hostile non-coethnics to target individual opponents while leaving civilians in peace. Conversely, when militias struggle to access local information, they often fall back on ethnicity as a proxy for political allegiance, with bloody consequences. As intelligence capabilities shape the course of sectarian strife, the role of ethnicity can vary even within a particular conflict.Hägerdal conducted sixteen months of fieldwork in Lebanon, interviewing former militia fighters and commanders and collecting novel statistical evidence. He combines documentation by government agencies, NGOs, local news media, and the United Nations with firsthand narratives by participants to provide an unparalleled account of the processes that generate violence or coexistence when a diverse society descends into armed conflict. Theoretically innovative and descriptively rich, Friend or Foe sheds new light on the logic and dynamics of ethnic violence in civil wars.
Ethnic conflict --- Lebanon --- Lebanon --- History --- Ethnic relations.
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Uighur (Turkic people) --- Ethnic conflict --- Ethnic conflict --- China --- Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China) --- Ethnic relations. --- Ethnic relations.
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Uighur (Turkic people) --- Ethnic conflict --- China --- Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China) --- Ethnic relations.
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"Turkey has gone through significant transformations over the last century-from the Ottoman Empire and Young Turk era to the Republic of today-but throughout it has demonstrated troubling continuities in its encouragement and deployment of mass violence. In particular, the construction of a Muslim-Turkish identity has been achieved in part by designating "internal enemies" at whom public hatred can be directed. This volume provides a wide range of case studies and historiographical reflections on the alarming recurrence of such violence in Turkish history, as atrocities against varied ethnic-religious groups from the nineteenth century to today have propelled the nation's very sense of itself";
Political violence --- Violence --- Nationalism --- Ethnic conflict --- Minorities --- Armenian Genocide, 1915-1923 --- Identification (Religion)
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Ethnic conflict --- Land tenure --- Physical geography --- Ituri (Congo) --- History. --- Ethnic relations. --- Politics and government. --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions.
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Political violence --- Ethnic conflict --- Kirkūk (Iraq : Province) --- Iraq --- Politics and government. --- Ethnic relations --- Political aspects. --- Religion. --- History
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"This book offers an in-depth examination of the conflict of 1838 to 1840 between the Zulus and the Boers. Leśniewski reflects on the established historiography and reappraises some key conceptions of the war. The conflict has often been seen as a colonial war, with the Zulus cast into the role of either villains or victims. Drawing on written primary sources and Zulu oral tradition, the author instead argues that the war was a struggle between an established regional power aiming to defend and consolidate its position and an incoming power seeking land, settlement, and local supremacy"--
Zulu-Boer War, 1837-1840 --- Ethnic conflict --- Afrikaners --- Zulu (African people) --- History, Modern --- History --- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)
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"Darfur Allegory is a dispatch from the humanitarian crisis that explains the historical and ethnographic background to competing narratives that have informed international responses. At the heart of the book is Sudanese anthropologist Rogaia Abusharaf's critique of the pseudoscientific notions of race and ethnicity that posit divisions between 'Arab' northerners and 'African' southerners. Elaborated in colonial times and enshrined in policy after, such binary categories have been adopted by the media to explain the civil war. The narratives that circulate internationally are thus highly fraught and cover over, to counterproductive effect, forms of Darfurian activism that have emerged in the conflict's wake. Darfur Allegory marries the analytical precision of a committed anthropologist with an insider's view of Sudanese politics at home and in the diaspora, laying bare the power of words to heal or perpetuate civil conflict"--
Conflits ethniques --- Ethnic conflict --- Ethnic conflict --- Ethnic conflict. --- Genocide --- Genocide --- Genocide. --- Postcolonialism --- Postcolonialism --- Postcolonialism. --- Postcolonialisme --- Refugees. --- Soudanais --- Soudanais --- Soudanais --- Sudanese --- Sudanese --- Sudanese --- Sudanese --- Sudanese --- Sudanese --- Conditions sociales --- Identité ethnique --- Ethnic identity --- Ethnic identity --- Social conditions --- Social conditions --- 2003. --- Soudan --- Soudan --- Sudan --- Sudan --- Sudan --- Sudan --- Sudan --- Sudan. --- Histoire --- Réfugiés --- Histoire --- History --- Refugees --- History --- Refugees --- History --- History
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La 4ème de couverture indique : "Kirkouk, dans le nord de l'Irak, est l'une des provinces les plus touchées par la violence politique. Les conflits s'y superposent depuis plusieurs décennies : mobilisations sociales, guerre entre partis kurdes et État central, lutte d'influence entre les puissances régionales, insurrection arabe sunnite et montée en puissance des milices chiites. Kirkouk constitue donc un point d'observation privilégié de dynamiques politiques qui travaillent la société irakienne. En particulier, les partis - ethno nationalistes ou religieux - sont à la fois producteurs de violence et intermédiaires obligés entre la population et les institutions étatiques, qui restent l'enjeu majeur des affrontements. Ils mettent en oeuvre des politiques d'ingénierie démographique et imposent de nouvelles hiérarchies identitaires. La guerre contre l'État islamique, à partir de juin 2014, radicalisera leurs projets et conduira, paradoxalement, à un retour de l'État par le biais des milices chiites. Fruit de plusieurs années de recherche sur le terrain, ce livre dépasse les lectures communautaristes ou géopolitiques du conflit irakien qui tendent aujourd'hui à prévaloir. Il apporte ainsi une contribution originale au débat sur le rôle de la guerre dans la formation de l'État."
Political violence --- Ethnic conflict --- Kirkuk (Iraq : Province) --- Iraq --- Politics and government. --- Ethnic relations --- Political aspects. --- Religion. --- History --- Sociologie politique --- Guerre civile --- Radicalisation violente --- Identité collective --- Aspect politique --- Group identity --- Radicalism --- Karkūk (Iraq) --- Political violence - Iraq - Kirkuk (Province) --- Ethnic conflict - Iraq - Kirkuk (Province) --- Kirkuk (Iraq : Province) - Politics and government. --- Kirkuk (Iraq : Province) - Ethnic relations - Political aspects. --- Kirkuk (Iraq : Province) - Religion. --- Iraq - History - 2003 --- -Ethnic conflict
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Processes of post-war reconstruction, peacebuilding and reconciliation are partly about fostering stability and adaptive capacity across different social systems. Nevertheless, these processes have seldom been expressly discussed within a resilience framework. Similarly, although the goals of transitional justice - among them (re)establishing the rule of law, delivering justice and aiding reconciliation - implicitly encompass a resilience element, transitional justice has not been explicitly theorised as a process for building resilience in communities and societies that have suffered large-scale violence and human rights violations. The chapters in this unique volume theoretically and empirically explore the concept of resilience in diverse societies that have experienced mass violence and human rights abuses. They analyse the extent to which transitional justice processes have - and can - contribute to resilience and how, in so doing, they can foster adaptive peacebuilding. This book is available as Open Access.
Atrocities --- Peace-building. --- Transitional justice. --- Victims of violent crime --- Resilience (Personality trait) --- Ethnic conflict --- Psychological aspects. --- Psychology. --- Social aspects. --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict --- Human resilience --- Resiliency (Personality trait) --- Personality --- Justice --- Human rights --- Building peace --- Peacebuilding --- Conflict management --- Peace --- Peacekeeping forces --- Military atrocities --- Cruelty --- War crimes --- Victims of violent crimes --- Victims of crimes --- Violent crimes --- Victims of violence --- peace and conflict studies --- transitional justice --- humanitarian intervention. resilence studies --- area studies
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