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Climate change poses a serious challenge to our health and wellbeing. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, and the direct impacts of changes in temperature have direct impacts on health. At the same time, broader environmental change affects infectious disease risk, air pollution, and other forms of exposure. The different ways in which climate change will affect health are complex, interactive, and different communities are disproportionately affected. International actions such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals recognise the future risks to society and acknowledge that we are already committed to a certain level of climate change. Future adaptation measures therefore need careful assessment and implementation for us to be able to minimise the potential risks from climate change and, at the same time, maximise the potential health benefits of a cleaner, greener world. This Special Issue comprises original research articles and detailed reviews on the likely impacts of climate change on health in a range of geographical settings, and the potential for adaptation measures to reduce some of these risks. Ultimately, studies like these will motivate policy level action for mitigation and help in determining the most effective methods of adaptation to reduce negative impacts in future through embedding scientific evidence into practice.

Research & information: general --- heat-waves --- heat-related mortality --- 2003 --- 2015 --- climate change --- Germany --- air temperature --- hot days --- heat waves --- city --- urban area types --- Poznań --- Poland --- ambulance 999 calls --- extreme weather --- resource planning --- London --- UK --- heat --- mortality --- adaptation --- dwellings --- indoor temperature --- cold days --- cold waves --- health systems --- climate adaptation --- health infrastructure --- rescue services --- Northern Europe --- disaster risk reduction --- Sendai Framework --- demographic change --- infectious diseases --- vector-borne diseases --- aerosolized exposures --- pollen --- well-being --- public health --- land management --- patient and public involvement (PPI) --- land-use --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- ENSO --- health --- climatic variability --- climate-sensitive disease --- workplace --- heat stress --- productivity loss --- beta distribution --- North Atlantic Oscillation --- weather --- emergency ambulance calls --- exacerbation of essential hypertension --- urban heat island --- urban planning --- heat resilience --- climate scenarios --- waterborne disease --- natural environment --- risks --- cryptosporidiosis --- cholera --- leptospirosis --- Legionnaires’ disease --- trends over time --- n/a --- Poznań --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Legionnaires' disease

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"The little-known history of how the Sahara was transformed from a green and fertile land into the largest hot desert in the world. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, equal in size to China or the United States. Yet, this arid expanse was once a verdant, pleasant land, fed by rivers and lakes. The Sahara sustained abundant plant and animal life, such as Nile perch, turtles, crocodiles, and hippos, and attracted prehistoric hunters and herders. What transformed this land of lakes into a sea of sands? When the Sahara Was Green describes the remarkable history of Earth's greatest desert-including why its climate changed, the impact this had on human populations, and how scientists uncovered the evidence for these extraordinary events. From the Sahara's origins as savanna woodland and grassland to its current arid incarnation, Martin Williams takes us on a vivid journey through time. He describes how the desert's ancient rocks were first fashioned, how dinosaurs roamed freely across the land, and how it was later covered in tall trees. Along the way, Williams addresses many questions: Why was the Sahara previously much wetter, and will it be so again? Did humans contribute to its desertification? What was the impact of extreme climatic episodes-such as prolonged droughts-upon the Sahara's geology, ecology, and inhabitants? Williams also shows how plants, animals, and humans have adapted to the Sahara and what lessons we might learn for living in harmony with the harshest, driest conditions in an ever-changing global environment. A valuable look at how an iconic region has changed over millions of years, When the Sahara Was Green reveals the desert's surprising past to reflect on its present, as well as its possible future"--

Climatic changes --- Desertification --- Aeolian processes. --- Algae. --- Algeria. --- Alluvium. --- Americas. --- Andes. --- Anthozoa. --- Arid. --- Atlantic Ocean. --- Black coral. --- Bolivia. --- Carbon dioxide. --- Chad Basin. --- Chile. --- Climate change. --- Cnidaria. --- Cnidocyte. --- Coal. --- Coral reef. --- Date palm. --- Dendrochronology. --- Deriba Caldera. --- Desert climate. --- Desert. --- Desertification. --- Drought. --- Dry lake. --- Dry valley. --- Dune. --- Earth materials. --- Earth science. --- Earth's orbit. --- East Africa. --- Ecosystem. --- Ecuadorians. --- El Niño-Southern Oscillation. --- Emblem book. --- Erosion. --- Exploration. --- Far North (South Australia). --- Feather. --- Fertilizer. --- Fire coral. --- Goatskin (material). --- Google Earth. --- Grassland. --- Grazing. --- Great Sand Sea. --- Green development. --- Groundwater. --- Herbicide. --- Herder. --- Hippos. --- Iferouane. --- Inca Empire. --- Indo-Pacific. --- Kufra. --- Lake Chad. --- Land snail. --- Libyan Desert. --- Mauritania. --- Mediterranean Sea. --- Mesa. --- Microclimate. --- Monsoon. --- Neolithic. --- Nile. --- North Africa. --- North America. --- Overgrazing. --- Pastoralism. --- Perennial water. --- Pesticide. --- Photosynthesis. --- Plankton. --- Planula. --- Plate tectonics. --- Pollution. --- Polyp. --- Sahara. --- Sand. --- Savanna. --- Sediment. --- Semi-arid climate. --- Silt. --- Soil. --- Solar energy. --- Stolon. --- Stone tool. --- Surface layer. --- Temperate climate. --- Tentacle. --- The Natural Step. --- Tropics. --- Tunisia. --- Vegetation. --- Weathering. --- West Africa. --- Westerlies. --- Year. --- Sahara --- Climate --- History.