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This work deals with different sectors’ performances towards achieving the Sustainable growth pillar’s objectives from the Europe 2020 strategy. First, we determine the objectives at the sectoral level according to the country-level set objectives. Then we define a composite index for the whole Sustainable growth pillar and finally propose a decomposition of that composite index. This decomposition provides important insight, by differentiating between three different components of the Sustainable growth pillar: sector-, group-, and objective-specific indexes. The decomposition, therefore, allows for a better understanding of the realisation of the set objectives at the sectoral level, since the composite index alone leads to confusion about all plausible reasons explaining the given outcome. Applying the methodology to 8 sectors within the 27 European Union countries for the period 2004-2018, we found that while performances have increased over time, compelling efforts are still required to achieve the Europe 2020 Sustainable growth pillar objectives, especially the Energy efficiency and the Renewable energy share targets, as portrayed by the objective-specific index results. The decomposition allows us to emphasise the important patterns and challenges for each sector at the three levels.

Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie générale & histoire de la pensée économique

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In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the rail market in Europe between 1995 and 2012.
At first, we will discuss the history of the trains and the different regulations of the market.
From the end of the twentieth century, the European Commission began to end with the public
monopoly in order to create a competitive market.
Then we will analyse the different outputs of the rail market. We will define three level
of output : the infrastructures, the frequency of trains an the number of passengers or goods
transported. Historically, the rail market has been considered as a natural monopoly but with
the white paper published in 1996 it is becoming a competitive market. To close this segment,
we will talk about the competitors of the rails - essentially, the car and the plane - according
to the different market segments.
After, we will compare the European countries in term of outputs, labour productivity and
capital productivity. Some countries as the Baltic states are noticeable because of their very
high level of freight. France, Germany and the Netherlands have high values in opposition of
countries like North Macedonia, Ireland or Turkey.
We will conclude with the measure of the level of efficiency of all the countries. We will use
three different models to estimate the production function. If all the methods used give different
levels of efficiency across Europe, the results show that the efficiency is time invariant between
1995 and 2012. This is in opposition with the classic economic theories which predict an increase
of efficiency when a market is liberalised. However, others papers give the same conclusion than
this analysis because of a decrease in the efficiency in the infrastructure operator.

efficience --- chemin de fer --- Europe --- Belgique --- Libéralisation --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Méthodes quantitatives en économie & gestion --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Domaines particuliers de l'économie (santé, travail, transport...) --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie générale & histoire de la pensée économique